Lalisa Black Pink Lisa Thai Dancer Beautiful Sexy Pop Rock Music Signature Asian

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Seller: anddownthewaterfall ✉️ (33,557) 99.8%, Location: Manchester, Take a Look at My Other Items, GB, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 364803299111 Lalisa Black Pink Lisa Thai Dancer Beautiful Sexy Pop Rock Music Signature Asian. Lalisa Gold Coin This is a gold plated coin Lisa K-Pop Star SInger Dance The Dimensions are 40 mm x 5 mm  and it weights 1 ounce or 27 grams Complete with plastic case Would make excellent gift for anyone with an interest in South Korean Pop Music It is in Excellent Condition Sorry about the poor quality photos. They dont do the coin justice which looks a lot better in real life Starting at a Penny...With No Reserve..If your the only bidder you win it for 1p....Grab a Bargain!!!! I always combined postage on multiple items and I have a lot of Similar items to this on Ebay so why not >   Check out my other items ! Bid with Confidence - Check My 100% Positive Feedback from over 25,000 Satisfied Customers Most of My Auctions Start at a Penny and I always combine postage so please check out my other items ! I Specialise in Unique Fun Items So For that Interesting Conversational Piece, A Birthday Present, Christmas Gift, A Comical Item to Cheer Someone Up or That Unique Perfect Gift for the Person Who has Everything....You Know Where to Look for a Bargain! ### PLEASE DO NOT CLICK HERE ###  Be sure to add me to your favourites list ! If You Have any Questions Please Email Me at  [email removed by eBay]  and I Will Reply ASAP All Items Dispatched within 24 hours of Receiving Payment.

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Lisa Korean: 리사 Hometown: BURIRAM Country:  THAILAND Full name: Lalisa Manobal Native name: ลลิษา มโนบาล Birthday: Mar 27, 1997 Age: 26 years old Blood type: 0 Height: 5'6" (167 cm) Weight: 101.4 lbs (46 kg)  Group (2016-present): BLACKPINK Introduction Lalisa Manobal (ลลิสา มโนบาล), popularly known as Lisa, is a Thai singer, dancer, and rapper who was under YG Entertainment during years 2011 to 2023. She is best known as the maknae of the global sensation BLACKPINK. Born in Bangkok Thailand with the name Pranpriya Manoban (ปราณปริยา มโนบาล), Lisa always had a passion for dancing even when she was still at a very young age. This led her to join the dance crew We Zaa Cool, of which GOT7's Bambam was also a member. In 2010, Lisa participated in YG Entertainment's Thailand Audition where she ended up being the only one to be accepted. Through this, Lisa became an official YG trainee. After more than five years of training in Korea, Lisa was able to debut as a member of BLACKPINK on August 8, 2016 and went on to become one of the most famous female idols of her generation. Lisa made her solo debut with the single album "Lalisa" on September 10, 2021. YG Entertainment: Apr 1, 2011-Dec 29, 2023 Debut: Aug 8, 2016 Debut to 1st win: 13 days Current state: active  Active years: 2016-present Zodiac-sign: Aries Language(s): Thai, Korean, Japanese (basic), English Training period: 5 years 3 months (2011 April) Education: Praphamontree School I and II MBTI: ESFP kpopping rank: 8th Fandom: BLINK Fandom color(s): Black Pink signature SIGNATURE lightstick LIGHTSTICK 1 AWARDS 770 PICS 63 VIDEOS 2 ALBUMS 309.3K VIEWED 2.3K ADDED Fun facts 1 Lisa loves to sleep. She sleeps for around 9 hours a day and is not a morning person. 246 2 Lisa is YG's first Non-Korean Artist. 201 3 Lisa is fluent in Thai, English, and Korean, and she can also understand and speak some Japanese and Chinese. 200 4 Lisa's favorite TV show is "Stranger Things." 183 5 Lisa likes to play Nintendo Switch and listen to music in her free time. 182 6 Lisa was the only person accepted in the YG Audition in Thailand in 2010. 171 7 Lisa moved to South Korea when she was 14. 166 8 When Lisa is stressed out, she tends to watch Disney Animations with loads of songs. 162 9 Lisa's stepfather is a famous chef from Switzerland. Her stepfather’s name is Marco Brüschweiler. 154 10 Lisa and GOT7's Bambam were in the same dance crew We Zaa Cool when they were kids. They have been friends for over 11 years. 145 Discography SG (With Ozuna, Megan Thee Stallion & LISA of BLACKPINK) SG (With Ozuna, Megan Thee Stallion & LISA of BLACKPINK) 2021-10-21 1 tracks LALISA LALISA 2021-9-10 2 tracks Music show wins (1) Sep 17, 2021 LALISA Music Bank 1st  Photos 190113 aantpw Instagram Update with LISA 190715 aantpw Instagram Update with LISA 190902 aantpw Instagram Update with LISA 191004 aantpw Instagram Update with LISA 191230 aantpw Instagram Update with LISA 191231 aantpw Instagram Update with LISA 200327 aantpw Instagram Update with LISA 220327 aantpw Instagram Update with LISA 220511 aantpw Instagram Update with LISA 230402 aantpw Instagram Update with LISA 230605 aantpw Instagram Update with LISA 230920 aantpw Instagram Update with LISA Music video views LALISA 679,286,410 Lisa +179,843 1st SG 216,573,488 Lisa +60,091 2nd News  BLACKPINK's Lisa Rumored to Join the Cast of "The Walking Dead" Spin-Off Krypta Krypta 15 days ago  8 35  BLACKPINK's Lisa Opens Up About Life Post-YG: Looks at the Group's Journey and Future Plans 17sdiane 17sdiane 17 days ago  8 29  Lisa’s Best Look? – BLACKPINK Lisa’s Styling at Celine Thailand Event Sends Korean Netizens Into a Frenzy Bei Bei 1 month ago  10 34  Thai Fans Show BLACKPINK Lisa’s First Celine Event in Thailand Overwhelming Support Bei Bei 1 month ago  4 39  BOYNEXTDOOR’s Jaehyun Catches Attention for Looking Like a Combination of BTS’ Jungkook and BLACKPINK’s Lisa Bei Bei 2 months ago  8 46 Categories Kpop idols born in 1997 Kpop idols born in March Female idols Girl groups Aries kpop idols Idols born in Thailand Kpop artists of MBTI type ESFP Kpop idols with the most YouTube subscribers Kpop idols with the most Spotify followers Top 100 highest viewed kpop music videos on YouTube Kpop idols ranking Blackpink Article Talk Read View source View history Tools Page semi-protected From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see black and pink. Blackpink Blackpink in PUBG Mobile promotional video in March 2021 Blackpink in March 2021 From left to right: Jisoo, Jennie, Rosé, and Lisa Background information Origin Seoul, South Korea Genres K-popEDMhip hoptrap Years active 2016–present Labels YGYGEXInterscopeUniversalPolydor[1] Members Jisoo Jennie Rosé Lisa Website blackpinkofficial.com Blackpink (Korean: 블랙핑크; RR: Beullaekpingkeu, stylized in all caps or as BLɅϽKPIИK) is a South Korean girl group formed by YG Entertainment, consisting of members Jisoo, Jennie, Rosé, and Lisa. Dubbed the "biggest girl group in the world", they are considered the most successful Korean girl group internationally and one of the leaders of the Korean Wave. They are stylistically associated with the "girl crush" concept in K-pop—exploring themes of self-confidence and female empowerment. Blackpink debuted in August 2016 with their single album Square One, which featured "Whistle" and "Boombayah", their first number-one entries on South Korea's Gaon Digital Chart and the US Billboard World Digital Songs chart, respectively. It was followed by the single album Square Two in November, whose song "Playing with Fire" was the first by a Korean girl group to enter the Billboard Canadian Hot 100. The group expanded their global reach with "Ddu-Du Ddu-Du" (2018), which was the first song by a Korean female group to enter the UK Singles Chart and receive a certification in the United States. Its music video was the first by a Korean group to surpass one and two billion views on YouTube, and remains the most-viewed by a Korean group to date. Their music videos for "Kill This Love" (2019) and "How You Like That" (2020) each set records for the most-viewed music video within the first 24 hours of release, with the latter breaking five Guinness World Records. Blackpink is the highest-charting female Korean act on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 13 with "Ice Cream" (2020), and on the US Billboard 200, peaking at number one with Born Pink (2022). Blackpink's studio albums The Album (2020) and Born Pink each broke the record for the best-selling female album of all time in South Korea, becoming the first to surpass one million and two million copies sold, respectively. Born Pink was the first album by a girl group to reach number one on the Billboard 200 since Danity Kane in 2008 and set two Guinness World Records as the first album by a Korean girl group to top the Billboard 200 as well as the UK Albums Chart. The album's lead single "Pink Venom" (2022) was the first song by a Korean group to reach number one on Australia's ARIA Singles Chart and the first by a girl group to reach number one on the Billboard Global 200. Blackpink have broken numerous records throughout their career; their Born Pink World Tour (2022–23) became the highest-grossing concert tour by a female group, and they were the first Asian act to headline Coachella. They have the most-subscribed and most-viewed music artist channel on YouTube, and are the most-followed and most-streamed girl group on Spotify. Blackpink's other accolades include several Golden Disc Awards, Billboard Music Awards, People's Choice Awards, and MTV Video Music Awards, among them the first Group of the Year win by a girl group in the 21st century. They were the first girl group to enter Forbes' 30 Under 30 Asia, and were named Time's 2022 Entertainer of the Year. The group has been acknowledged as one of the most powerful celebrities in South Korea by Forbes Korea (ranking within the top three in 2019–23), and by former South Korean President Moon Jae-in as a global phenomenon helping spread K-pop worldwide. Career 2010–2016: Formation and pre-debut activities Blackpink began forming when YG Entertainment held tryouts worldwide for preteen or teenage recruits to create a new girl group after launching its first major one, 2NE1, in 2009. According to the members, joining the label as trainees was akin to enrolling in a full-time pop-star academy, with Jennie describing the experience as "more strict than school" and Rosé comparing it to The X Factor with dorm rooms. For members who had left their lives outside of South Korea, the pace of training alongside the culture shock was especially difficult.[2] Preparations for Blackpink's debut began as early as 2011, when YG Entertainment revealed on November 14 that their new girl group would debut in the early half of 2012 and feature at least seven members.[3] Since then, numerous news and rumors surfaced surrounding the new girl group's debut being delayed, although there had been no official information.[4][5] It was only on May 18, 2016, that YG Entertainment confirmed the girl group would debut that July, stating that the members were selected through years of stiff competition.[6] The label later confirmed that Jang Hanna and Moon Sua, who were introduced to the public as potential members of the new girl group, were not included in the lineup.[7][8] Jennie was the first group member revealed, on June 1, 2016.[9] She joined YG Entertainment as a trainee in 2010 after moving back to South Korea from New Zealand.[10] She had been introduced to the public for the first time in 2012 in a photo titled "Who's that girl?" on YG Entertainment's website on April 10.[11] Jennie continued to be promoted as a member of the new girl group through multiple collaborations: she starred in the music video for G-Dragon's "That XX" (2012) from his EP One of a Kind and featured in the songs "Black" (2013), from his album Coup d'Etat, and "Special" (2013), from Lee Hi's album First Love.[12][13][14] Lisa was revealed as the new girl group's second member on June 8, 2016.[15] She was the only individual among 4,000 applicants to pass the 2010 YG Entertainment audition in her native country Thailand and became the label's first foreign trainee in 2011.[10][16] She was first introduced in May 2012 in a video that was posted on YG Entertainment's YouTube channel, titled "Who's that girl???".[15][17] Lisa also appeared in the music video for Taeyang's "Ringa Linga" in 2013.[18] She became a spokesperson for street-wear brand Nona9on in 2015 and cosmetics brand Moonshot in 2016.[19] Jisoo was revealed as the new group's third member on June 15, 2016. She joined YG Entertainment as a trainee in July 2011 and appeared in several advertisements and music videos in her pre-debut years, including the music videos for Epik High's "Spoiler + Happy Ending" (2014) from their album Shoebox and Hi Suhyun's "I'm Different" (2014). Jisoo also made a cameo appearance in 2015 drama The Producers.[20][21][16] Rosé was the final member to be revealed, on June 22, 2016. She ranked first among 700 applicants in the 2012 YG Entertainment audition in Australia, after which she signed a trainee contract with the label and moved to Seoul to begin training.[10] She featured in G-Dragon's track "Without You" (2012) from One of a Kind, credited as "? from YG New Girl Group" until her official public introduction.[22] The official logo of Blackpink On June 29, YG Entertainment confirmed that the new girl group would have four members instead of the originally planned nine and revealed its official name as Blackpink.[23] According to a label representative, the group's name meant "pretty isn't everything" and symbolized that "they are a team that encompasses not only beauty, but also great talent".[24] Jisoo later disclosed in a press conference that other group names under consideration included Pink Punk, Baby Monster, and Magnum.[25] Blackpink released their first dance practice video on July 6, which garnered much public attention.[26] On July 29, YG Entertainment confirmed that Blackpink's debut would be on August 8, 2016.[27] 2016–2017: Debut, rising popularity, and commercial success Blackpink performing "Playing with Fire" onstage Blackpink performing "Playing with Fire" at the 2016 Melon Music Awards on November 19, 2016 Promotions for the group's debut began in the first week of August 2016 with the release of teaser images, videos, and advertisements.[28][29] The first girl group to debut under YG Entertainment in seven years,[30] Blackpink released their debut single album, Square One, on August 8, 2016, consisting of tracks "Boombayah" and "Whistle".[30] They charted at number one and two, respectively, on the Billboard World Digital Song Sales chart, making Blackpink the fastest act to achieve such a feat and the third YG Entertainment artist to hold the top two positions simultaneously, after Psy and Big Bang.[31] Upon release, "Whistle" quickly swept all the Korean music charts and debuted at number one on the Gaon Digital Chart.[32][33] Blackpink's first music show performance aired on August 14, 2016, on SBS's Inkigayo.[34] They won first place on Inkigayo fourteen days after their debut.[35] They wrapped up promotions for Square One on September 11, 2016, with another win on Inkigayo.[36] Blackpink released their second single album, Square Two, consisting of tracks "Playing with Fire" and "Stay", on November 1, 2016.[37] The group began promotions on Inkigayo on November 6 and on Mnet's M Countdown on November 10.[38] "Playing with Fire" was Blackpink's second single to reach number one on the Billboard World Digital Song Sales chart and the first K-pop girl group song to chart on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100.[39][40] In South Korea, "Playing with Fire" peaked at number three, while "Stay" placed in the top ten.[41] Blackpink's commercial success in their first five months earned them several rookie awards at major Korean year-end music award shows, including the Asia Artist Awards,[42] Melon Music Awards,[43] Golden Disc Awards,[44] Seoul Music Awards,[45] and Gaon Chart Music Awards.[46] Additionally, Billboard named them one of the best new K-pop groups of 2016.[47] Blackpink performing "As If It's Your Last" onstage Blackpink performing "As If It's Your Last" at the Korea Music Festival held on October 1, 2017 On January 17, 2017, Blackpink revealed the name of their fan club—"Blink", a portmanteau of "black" and "pink".[48] On June 22, the group released their first standalone digital single, "As If It's Your Last". It was described as a "mixed genre of music" and a change of sound from their previous releases.[49] The song peaked at number three on the Gaon Digital Chart and at number 13 on Billboard's Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart, becoming their first song to enter the Bubbling Under Hot 100.[50][51] It debuted at number one on Billboard's World Digital Song Sales chart one day after release, making it their third number-one single on the chart.[52] The music video for the song later went on to break the record for the most-liked music video by a Korean girl group on YouTube, as well as the most-viewed K-pop group music video in the first 24 hours of release.[53][54] On July 20, 2017, Blackpink held a showcase at Nippon Budokan in Tokyo, which was attended by over 14,000 people, with as many as 200,000 people attempting to purchase tickets.[55][56] The group made their Japanese debut on August 30, 2017, with the release of a self-titled Japanese extended play that included Japanese versions of their previous singles. The EP debuted and peaked atop the Oricon Albums Chart, making Blackpink only the third foreign artist to top the chart with their debut release.[57] Blackpink ranked among YouTube's Global Top 25 Songs of the Summer for 2017 with "As If It's Your Last".[58] 2018–2019: International breakthrough and first world tour On January 6, 2018, Blackpink released the first episode of their first reality show, Blackpink House, which comprised 12 episodes released throughout 2018 following the four members spending 100 days of vacation as they moved into their new dorm, via their official V Live and YouTube channels.[59] On March 28, Blackpink re-released their debut Japanese EP under the name Re:Blackpink. The digital version included the same songs as the original release, while the physical version included a DVD of all their music videos and six songs in the Korean language.[60] Blackpink smiling upon receiving an award Blackpink at Seoul Music Awards in 2018 On June 15, 2018, the group released their first Korean-language EP, Square Up.[61] In South Korea, the EP debuted at number one on Gaon Album Chart and was certified platinum by the Korea Music Content Association (KMCA) for selling 250,000 units.[62] Square Up brought the group their first entry and the highest-charting album by a female Korean group at the time of its release on the Billboard 200, debuting at number 40.[40] The EP also topped the Billboard World Albums chart[63] and led Blackpink to becoming the first female Korean group to top the Billboard Emerging Artists chart.[64] The EP's lead single, "Ddu-Du Ddu-Du", peaked at number one on the Gaon Digital Chart while "Forever Young" peaked at number two;[65] both songs were certified platinum by the KMCA for surpassing 2,500,000 downloads and 100,000,000 streams in the country.[66][67] In the United States, "Ddu-Du Ddu-Du" debuted at number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100 and became the highest-charting song by a Korean girl group in the country, surpassing the record set by "Nobody" by Wonder Girls in 2009. It additionally marked the first time a Korean girl group entered the US Streaming Songs chart, entering at number 39.[63] The song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in August 2019, making Blackpink the first Korean girl group to receive a certification in the country.[68] In the United Kingdom, "Ddu-Du Ddu-Du" debuted at number 78 on the UK Singles Chart and made Blackpink the first ever female Korean group to enter the chart.[69] YouTube's official tally saw the music video for "Ddu-Du Ddu-Du" garner a total of 36.2 million views within 24 hours after its release, making it the most-viewed online video in the first 24 hours by a Korean act and the second most-watched music video of all time in first 24 hours of release at the time.[70] It became the most-watched music video by a South Korean group in January 2019 and became the first K-pop group music video to surpass one billion views in November 2019 and two billion views in January 2023.[71] Blackpink embarked on their sold-out first Japan tour, Blackpink Arena Tour 2018, in Osaka from July 24 to 25 to promote their Japanese EP. The tour was initially set for six shows across Osaka, Fukuoka and Chiba, but an additional show in Chiba was added due to overwhelming demand.[72] A final tour stop was later added for December 24 at Kyocera Dome Osaka as a Christmas gift for fans, where Blackpink performed to a sold-out crowd of 50,000 people.[73] On September 12, it was announced that the group would hold their first concert in Seoul, Blackpink 2018 Tour [In Your Area] Seoul x BC Card, at the Olympic Gymnastics Arena.[74] The concert was the first show of the In Your Area World Tour, which continued throughout 2019 and early 2020 in North America, Europe, Oceania and Asia. By the end of its run, the tour became the highest-grossing tour by a Korean girl group.[75] A crowd at Blackpink's Seoul concert A crowd at Blackpink's Seoul concert on their In Your Area Tour in 2018 On October 19, 2018, English singer Dua Lipa released "Kiss and Make Up" with Blackpink, a new track on the re-released edition of her self-titled debut album.[76] "Kiss and Make Up" became the group's second entry in the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 36, which became the first time a female Korean group reached the top 40.[77] It also debuted at number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100, marking Blackpink's second entry in the chart and making them the only Korean girl group to score multiple entries on the chart.[78] The song was certified silver in the UK by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), marking the first time a Korean group received a certification in the UK.[79] It was also the first song by a Korean group to be certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA).[80] On October 23, the group signed with Interscope Records in a global partnership with YG Entertainment; they were to be represented by Interscope and Universal Music Group outside of Asia.[81] In November 2018, Blackpink announced additional tour dates for their In Your Area World Tour, which covered thirteen dates across Asia from January to March 2019.[82] Jennie made her solo debut with her single "Solo" at Blackpink's Seoul concert on November 11; both the song and its official music video were released the following day.[83] Their first Japanese studio album, Blackpink in Your Area, was made available digitally on November 23 and physically on December 5.[84] The album included Japanese versions of all of their previous releases and debuted at number nine on the Oricon Albums Chart.[85] Blackpink on the red carpet of the 2019 Golden Disc Awards Blackpink at the 33rd Golden Disc Awards Blackpink made their American debut at the Universal Music Group's 2019 Grammy Artist Showcase, an invite-only event at the ROW in Downtown Los Angeles on February 9, 2019.[86] The group subsequently appeared on several American television shows, including The Late Show with Stephen Colbert and Good Morning America.[87][88] That March, they became the first-ever K-pop girl group to cover Billboard magazine.[89] Blackpink's third extended play, Kill This Love, was released on April 5, 2019, alongside a single of the same name.[90] In South Korea, the EP debuted at number three on the Gaon Album Chart and was certified 2× platinum by the KMCA for selling 500,000 units in the country,[91][92] while the lead single peaked at number two on the Gaon Digital Chart and was certified platinum for surpassing 100,000,000 streams in the country.[93][67] Kill This Love also debuted at number 24 on the Billboard 200, while the lead single reached number 41 on the Hot 100, becoming the highest-charting releases by a female Korean group on the two major Billboard charts. The EP also became Blackpink's second number-one album on the Billboard World Albums chart.[94] The song's music video broke the record for the most views within 24 hours on YouTube, accumulating 56.7 million views in that time.[95] "Kill This Love" ranked at number 66 on Billboard's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2019.[96] Following the EP's release, Blackpink performed at the 2019 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on April 12 and 19, 2019, making them the first female K-pop group to do so.[97] The group's Coachella set was well received by both critics and fans alike, with Gab Ginsberg of Billboard calling the show "electrifying" and "unforgettable".[98][99] On October 16, 2019, a Japanese version of Kill This Love was released to the Japanese market, peaking at number 17 on the Oricon Albums Chart.[100][101] The group embarked to Japan for a variety of promotional activities, including appearances on Japanese music television programs TV Asahi's Music Station and Fuji TV's Love Music.[102] In January of the following year, Blackpink were voted Paper magazine's 2019 K-pop Sensation of the Year in their annual Break the Internet Awards™ list.[103] 2020–2021: The Album and The Show On April 22, 2020, it was confirmed the group would be working with Lady Gaga on her sixth studio album, Chromatica. Their collaboration, "Sour Candy", was released as a promotional single on May 28, 2020.[104] On the Billboard Hot 100, the song debuted at number 33, giving Blackpink their first top 40 hit and becoming the highest-charting song by a Korean girl group in the US.[105] In Australia, the song debuted at number eight, becoming Blackpink's first top-ten hit as well as the highest-charting song by a Korean group in the country.[106] It was also their first top-twenty single in the UK, debuting at number 17.[107] On May 18, YG Entertainment announced the group would release a pre-release single in June, followed by an additional single release between July and August, to promote their first Korean studio album.[108] On June 2, YG Entertainment confirmed that following the release of the studio album, members Rosé, Lisa, and Jisoo would release individual projects, with Rosé's coming first.[109] In the midst of the group's comeback preparations, YG Entertainment released a prologue of Blackpink's newest reality show, 24/365 with Blackpink, on June 13, ahead of its launch on YouTube. The show documents their 2020 comebacks alongside sharing their daily lives through vlogs.[110] The single "How You Like That" was heavily teased on social media in the lead up to its digital release on June 26.[111][112] In South Korea, it peaked at number one on the Gaon Digital Chart for three weeks and was certified platinum for surpassing 100,000,000 streams in the country.[113][67] "How You Like That" became Blackpink's fifth song to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 and tied "Sour Candy" as the highest-charting song by a Korean girl group in the US with a peak at number 33.[114] Its music video broke five Guinness World Records, including the one for the most-viewed video in the first 24 hours of release, achieving 86.3 million views in that timeframe.[115] The song ranked first in Youtube Music's Global Top 10 Songs of Summer 2020[116] and won Song of Summer at the 2020 MTV Video Music Awards, making Blackpink the first Korean female act to win at the award show.[117] On July 23, YG Entertainment announced that a second single, "Ice Cream" with American singer Selena Gomez, would be released on August 28.[118][119] "Ice Cream" debuted and peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100, surpassing their own record for the highest-charting song by a female Korean act in the US.[120] Its debut at number 39 in the United Kingdom made Blackpink the Korean artist with the most top 40 songs in the country at the time, with five.[121] Blackpink smiling for the camera Blackpink in 2020 Blackpink released their first Korean studio album, The Album, on October 2, 2020, with "Lovesick Girls" as its third and main single.[122] Leading up to the exclusive video premiere of their music video for "Lovesick Girls", Blackpink appeared on YouTube's new original music show Released as its first featured artist, which included "unfiltered access" moments of the group.[123] The Album set a first-week sales record for a Korean girl group, with 590,000 copies sold in just one day after its release.[124] Blackpink became the first-ever million-selling K-pop girl group with the album, which debuted at number one on the Gaon Album Chart and sold approximately 1.2 million copies in less than one month after release.[125][126] It was ranked the fifth best-selling album worldwide on IFPI's 2020 Global Album Sales Chart.[127] The Album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 and the UK Albums Chart, making Blackpink the highest-charting Korean female act on each.[128][129] The album's release also led Blackpink to become the first girl group to top the Billboard Artist 100.[130] To promote the album, Blackpink performed "Lovesick Girls" on Good Morning America and Jimmy Kimmel Live! in the United States on October 21.[131] The song peaked at number two on the Gaon Digital Chart and was certified platinum for surpassing 100,000,000 streams in South Korea;[132][67] in the US, it peaked at number 59 on the Billboard Hot 100.[130] It also debuted at number two on the Billboard Global 200 and number one on the Global Excl. U.S., becoming Blackpink's first chart-topper on the latter.[133] The group's first documentary film, Blackpink: Light Up the Sky, premiered on Netflix on October 14, 2020, and covered the four years since the group's debut in 2016. The documentary included footage from their training days, looks at their home lives, behind-the-scenes stories and interviews with the members, as well as glimpses into the making of The Album.[134] The commercial success of The Album, combined with the group's Netflix documentary, resulted in Blackpink topping Bloomberg's Pop Star Power Ranking for the month of October; they were the first Korean artist to top the ranking since its inception in April of that year.[135][136] On December 2, Blackpink announced their collaboration with YouTube Music for their first livestream concert. The live event, dubbed "The Show", was initially set to take place on December 27, 2020, but was rescheduled to January 31, 2021, due to new COVID-19 pandemic regulations introduced in South Korea.[137] The concert featured the first-ever live performances of several songs from The Album, as well as of Rosé's song "Gone" from her first solo single album R.[138] More than 280,000 people purchased memberships to access the show, and the concert was livestreamed across 100 countries.[139][140] Blackpink released a Japanese version of The Album on August 3, 2021, with Japanese versions for four out of the eight tracks ("How You Like That", "Pretty Savage", "Lovesick Girls", and "You Never Know"), which peaked at number three on the Oricon Albums Chart.[141] To promote the album, they appeared on Japanese music television programs such as TV Asahi's Music Station.[142] On August 4, a documentary film entitled Blackpink: The Movie was released into theaters in South Korea and worldwide, which included exclusive interviews with the group as well as live performances from The Show and the In Your Area World Tour.[143] 2022–present: Born Pink and second world tour On July 6, 2022, YG Entertainment announced that Blackpink was in the final stages of recording for a new album, with plans to record a music video in mid-July and release a new song in August. They also confirmed that the group would embark on their second world tour at the end of the year.[144] On July 12, YG Entertainment revealed that Blackpink would hold a virtual in-game concert called Blackpink: The Virtual in PUBG Mobile from July 22 to 30, including performances of the group's hit songs as well as a special track titled "Ready for Love" to be previewed during the event for the first time.[145][146] "Ready for Love" was released in full with an animated music video on July 29.[147] Blackpink wearing white outfits while onstage Blackpink performing at the Born Pink Tour in October 2022 On July 31, it was announced that Blackpink would release a pre-release single titled "Pink Venom" on August 19, ahead of their second album in September, followed by an accompanying world tour beginning in October.[148] Upon release, "Pink Venom" topped the Billboard Global 200 for two weeks, becoming the first number-one song by a girl group as well as the first Korean song to top the chart for multiple weeks.[149][150] It peaked at number two on South Korea's Circle Digital Chart[151] and number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100[152] and became the first song by a Korean group to top the ARIA Singles Chart in Australia.[153] On August 28, Blackpink performed "Pink Venom" at the 2022 MTV Video Music Awards, making them the first female K-pop group in history to perform at the show, and won the award for Best Metaverse Performance for The Virtual.[154] On September 16, 2022, Blackpink released their second studio album Born Pink alongside the single "Shut Down", which became their second song to top the Billboard Global 200.[155] "Shut Down" peaked at number three on the Circle Digital Chart[156] and number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100.[157] Born Pink debuted at number one on the Circle Album Chart with 2,141,281 copies sold in less than two days of tracking and became the first album by a K-pop girl group to sell over two million copies.[158] In the United States, it debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, the first album by a female Korean act to top the chart and the first album by a female group to do so since Danity Kane's Welcome to the Dollhouse in 2008.[159] In the United Kingdom, Born Pink also became the first album by a K-pop girl group to reach number one on the UK Albums Chart,[160] and marked the first time a girl group simultaneously topped the album charts in the United States and United Kingdom since Destiny's Child's Survivor in 2001.[161] The album was the seventh best-selling album worldwide in pure sales during 2022 according to the IFPI.[162] In December, the group was named 2022 Entertainer of the Year by Time magazine.[163] Blackpink standing onstage, facing leftwards Blackpink performing at The O2 Arena in December 2022 Following the album's release, Blackpink embarked on the Born Pink World Tour, which began in Seoul on October 15, 2022, followed by the tour's North American and European legs through December.[164] The tour contained the first-ever live performances of several songs from Born Pink and the members' solo releases, consisting of the single albums R (2021) by Rosé, Lalisa (2021) by Lisa, Me (2023) by Jisoo, and the single "You & Me" (2023) by Jennie.[165] On January 28, 2023, the group performed "Pink Venom" and "Shut Down" with musicians Gautier Capuçon and Daniel Lozakovich at the Le Gala des Pièces Jaunes charity event organized by the First Lady of France, Brigitte Macron, in Paris.[166] The tour continued in 2023 with stadium shows across Asia as well as several concerts in Mexico and Australia.[167][168] Blackpink became the first Asian act to headline the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on April 15 and 22, 2023.[169] On July 2, they became the first Korean band to headline a major UK festival with British Summer Time Hyde Park in London.[170] Blackpink returned for an encore stadium tour starting in July in France and the United States. The encore leg set several historical records, including making them the first Korean girl group to perform in a stadium in Europe, the first girl group to perform at Allegiant Stadium, Oracle Park, and Dodger Stadium, and the third female act in history after Beyoncé and Taylor Swift to sell out back-to-back shows at MetLife Stadium.[171][172] On May 18, the group announced a promotional single titled "The Girls" which was released as part of the soundtrack for their mobile game, Blackpink: The Game on August 25, 2023.[173][174] It was released alongside a physical version, which debuted at number one on the Circle Album Chart with 160,460 copies sold in the first week, becoming the groups's fifth number-one album.[175] At the 2023 MTV Video Music Awards, Blackpink was awarded Best Choreography for "Pink Venom" as well as Group of the Year, becoming the second girl group ever to win the latter award since TLC in 1999.[176] The Born Pink World Tour concluded on September 17 with two finale concerts in Seoul;[177] by the end of its run, it drew 1.8 million attendees in total, making it the most-attended concert tour by a Korean girl group.[178] The tour ranked at number ten on Billboard's 2023 Year End Top 40 Tours chart worldwide, leading the ranking of K-pop tours of the year. With a worldwide gross of $148.3 million from 29 reported shows, it broke the record held by Spice Girls' Spice World – 2019 Tour to become the highest-grossing concert tour of all time by a female group.[179][180] With Blackpink's contracts with YG Entertainment set to expire in August, the label released a statement to South Korean media in July confirming that contract renewals were currently under discussion, and later confirmed with another statement in November that they were "still negotiating with the artists regarding their exclusive contracts."[181] On November 15, Billboard announced the Blackpink: A VR Encore, a version of the group's Seoul encore show made for virtual reality in partnership with Meta. Produced by the Diamond Bros, the 70-minute concert premiered in VR on December 26 in Meta Horizon Worlds.[182] On December 5, 2023, YG Entertainment confirmed that all four members of Blackpink had renewed their contracts for group activities and promised a new album and world tour to come.[183][184] Artistry Musical style and influences Blackpink's music is primarily rooted in EDM and pop with elements of hip hop and trap,[185][186] but they have also incorporated a variety of other styles in their discography such as R&B, Arabic music, ballad, disco and rock.[187][188][189][190] Blackpink's music has been described as a combination of "bold rapping, powerful singing and chic styling";[191] they tend to feature bass drops frequently in their songs, especially immediately preceding the chorus, which some publications consider part of their characteristic sound.[192] Jisoo explained in an interview with Rolling Stone that the members are "involved from the beginning" in their creative process, from "building the blocks" to "adding this or that feeling" and "exchanging feedback".[193] About their music, Billboard stated that Blackpink "rewrote the definition of K-pop and their beauty, It's for them not for anyone else."[190] Early in their career, Blackpink stated that they wanted to emulate labelmate 2NE1 and "show [their] own unique color".[194] During an episode of Carpool Karaoke in 2023, the members of the group expressed how they were inspired by TLC and the Spice Girls as they grew up listening to their music.[195] Blackpink have cited various other artists as their musical influences, including Lady Gaga,[196] Ariana Grande,[197] Cardi B and Selena Gomez.[198] Concept, image, and lyrical themes Blackpink aimed to convey two different concepts of their musicality akin to their name—the group's "black" side embody their more provocative "girl crush" image while the "pink" side embody their more feminine and colorful image.[199] In an interview with Jimmy Kimmel, Rosé explained that the group feels that "there's two colors that represented us the most 'cause we're very girly but at the same time we're very savage too," naming their song "Pretty Savage" as the song that described them best because "it kind of goes with 'black pink.'"[200] At the press conference commemorating the release of "Pink Venom" in August 2022, Jennie elaborated on the group's identity: "We try to express various messages through songs of various genres but Blackpink is always confident and full of confidence, I thought we were the closest."[190] Stylistically, Blackpink are associated with the "girl crush" image in K-pop, with Insider writing that they "[burst] onto the K-pop scene with a set of singles that set them on a path to becoming the ambassadors of the 'girl crush' concept", encapsulating "confidence, sexiness, and inspirational assurance, in the K-pop landscape".[201] Billboard called them "K-pop's most visible representatives" of girl crush following their release of "Ddu-Du Ddu-Du".[202] Cultural critic Jung Deok-hyeon analyzed that Blackpink established a "confident" image and had "a solid fandom centered on women."[190] The group's lyrical content often address themes of independence, female empowerment, breakups, toxic relationships, as well as romance.[203] Legacy and cultural impact For broader coverage of this topic, see Korean Wave. Since their debut, Blackpink have emerged as a prominent act in K-pop. They have been referred to as the "biggest girl group in the world" by various organizations such as The Recording Academy and Rolling Stone,[204] "biggest K-pop girl band on the planet" by Vogue, NPR, and BBC,[205] and "K-pop Queens" by Billboard and The New York Times.[206] While discussing the evolution of girl groups since the early 20th century, The Recording Academy noted how "the success of K-pop girl groups shot to a new level when Blackpink entered the scene in 2016".[207] They have been cited as a musical influence by various artists including H1-Key,[208] Tri.be,[209] Kiss of Life,[210] Classy,[211] Primrose,[212] Le Sserafim's Kazuha,[213] Lapillus' Shana and Haeun,[214] Fifty Fifty's Saena,[215] and Mimiirose's Seo Yun-ju.[216] A crowd at Blackpink's London concert Blackpink's Born Pink World Tour at The O2 Arena in London, December 2022 In South Korea, they ranked first on Forbes Korea Power Celebrity 40 list in 2019, third in 2020, second in 2021 and 2022, and third in 2023.[217] They were the first girl group to make Forbes' 30 Under 30 Asia[218] and were named on the 2019 Time 100 Next list of rising stars, credited with "heralding a new era of Korean acts stepping past language barriers to play global stages" when they became the first K-pop group to perform at Coachella, the world's largest music festival.[219][220] Bloomberg wrote that alongside BTS, "Blackpink has achieved a level of global popularity unprecedented in the history of music".[135] The group was hailed one of the "world's most influential and bestselling artists" by Rolling Stone[221] while South China Morning Post highlighted Blackpink, BTS and K-dramas as leaders in the global interest of Korean pop culture.[222] The New York Times recognized Blackpink as one of South Korea's major cultural exports alongside companies such as Samsung, LG and Hyundai, with entities like Blackpink, Squid Game, and Parasite appearing "as ubiquitous as any Samsung phone".[223] Following the group's global success in 2020, the Circle Chart noted a significant increase of English lyrics in girl group songs in South Korea in efforts to expand their target audience to overseas listeners.[224] Sisa Journal identified Blackpink's global influence as a stand out even among the other greatest girl groups in K-pop history, such as Girls' Generation, 2NE1, Wonder Girls and Twice, and expressed that just as the symbol of girl groups for pop music fans around the world was the Spice Girls in the mid-1990s, "the representative image of today's girl group is none other than Blackpink."[225] Billboard recognized Blackpink as "the most successful K-pop girl group to have impacted the U.S. market", citing the group's performances at Coachella as well as their Billboard 200 chart-topping album Born Pink.[226] In 2020, CJ E&M honored the group as one of the ten "2020 Visionary" figures for their contributions in spreading Korean pop culture globally.[227] During South Korean President Moon Jae-in's 2021 New Year's address, Blackpink was cited as a leader in the promotion of South Korea's image abroad and highlighted government support of such entities as a key strategy in "firmly [solidifying] Korea's status as a cultural powerhouse".[228][229] In his speech for a state banquet hosting South Korean President President Yoon Suk Yeol in Buckingham Palace, King Charles III praised Blackpink's work as ambassadors to environmental sustainability causes and referred to the group as "global superstars".[230] Blackpink have amassed a large following on social media and streaming platforms; they became the most-subscribed music group on YouTube in September 2019,[231] the most-subscribed female artist in July 2020,[232] and the most-subscribed music act overall in September 2021,[233] with over 90 million subscribers as of July 2023.[234] Blackpink became the most-followed girl group on Spotify in November 2019;[235][236] as of April 2023, they have over 40 million followers.[237] On Instagram, the group's members are the four most-followed individuals based in South Korea (in order from first to fourth: Lisa, Jennie, Jisoo and Rosé).[238] Blackpink were named the biggest musicians in the world in the month of October 2020 in Bloomberg's Pop Star Power Ranking.[135] People included Blackpink in their listing of women changing the contemporary music industry[239] while Variety named the group one of the most impactful figures in global entertainment.[240] They became the third girl group in history to cover Rolling Stone, after the Spice Girls and Destiny's Child, when they covered the magazine's June 2022 issue.[241] In 2022, Time named Blackpink the Entertainer of the Year for their impact both as a group and individually in the music, fashion, and acting industries.[242] Blackpink's influence extends beyond music and into the fashion industry—each member has served as global ambassadors for different luxury brands: Jisoo for Dior,[243] Jennie for Chanel,[244] Rosé for Yves Saint Laurent,[245] and Lisa for Bulgari and Celine.[246][247][248] They have been credited for drawing international attention to South Korean hanbok through their modern re-interpretations of the traditional costume in their "How You Like That" music video and performances.[249][250][251] The group considers fashion to be an important part of their public image, with Jennie telling Elle magazine that it "definitely empowers us as much as music does" and Rosé describing it as inseparable from their music.[252] Their style has been noted for blending group uniformity with individual tastes.[253] Other ventures Philanthropy In December 2018, Blackpink donated their prize money from the Elle Style Awards 2018, worth ₩20 million (around US$16,630), to low-income and single-parent households in South Korea.[287][288] In April 2019, Blackpink made a donation of ₩40 million (around US$33,300) to the Hope Bridge Association of the National Disaster Relief for the victims of the Goseong wildfire in South Korea, doing the same in March 2022 by donating ₩500 million to pay for damage repair caused by the wildfires happening in Gangwon and Gyeongbuk.[289][290] In April 2020, Blackpink released face masks via UMG-affiliated merchandising company Bravado. All proceeds benefited the Recording Academy's MusiCares initiative, which launched a relief fund in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the music industry.[291] In December 2020, the group called for action on climate change and promoted the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26), hoping their fans will "join us on this journey" to "learn about what's happening, what needs to happen and how we can play our part."[292] On February 25, 2021, Blackpink were formally appointed official advocates for COP26 in Seoul, where they received a personal appreciation letter written by the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Boris Johnson, for their work in the spread of climate change awareness.[293][294] On October 23, 2021, the group was a part of the lineup for the YouTube Originals special entitled "Dear Earth", which focused on encouraging viewers to become more environmentally conscious.[295] Awards and achievements Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Blackpink Blackpink upon receiving an award Blackpink at the 32nd Golden Disc Awards Blackpink's accolades include eleven Guinness World Records, fourteen Circle Chart Music Awards, seven Golden Disc Awards, eleven MAMA Awards, five Melon Music Awards, four MTV Video Music Awards, three People's Choice Awards, four Seoul Music Awards, a Billboard Music Award, a MTV Europe Music Award, and a Teen Choice Award. They are the first Korean girl group to win an MTV Video Music Award and the first to receive a nomination at the Brit Awards.[296][297] Following the release of "How You Like That" and its music video on June 26, 2020, Blackpink broke five Guinness World Records, including those for the most-viewed YouTube video in the first 24 hours of release (with 86.3 million views) and the most viewers for a video premiere on YouTube (reaching 1.66 million peak concurrent viewers for the live premiere).[298][299] In 2021, Blackpink was awarded the Guinness World Record for the most-subscribed band on YouTube, with over 60 million subscribers.[300] In 2022, Blackpink was awarded three further Guinness World Records, the first for being the inaugural winner of the Best Metaverse Performance category at the MTV Video Music Awards, and the latter two for being the first K-pop girl group to top the UK and US album charts respectively with their second studio album Born Pink.[301] In 2023, Blackpink was awarded the Guinness World Record for the most-streamed female group on Spotify, with over 8.8 billion streams on the platform.[302] They were also awarded the Guinness World Record for the most viewed music channel on YouTube for a group, with over 30.15 billion views.[303] In November 2023, King Charles III invested the members of Blackpink as honorary Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) during a special investiture at Buckingham Palace which was also attended by President of South Korea Yoon Suk Yeol.[304] Members Jisoo (지수) – vocalist[305] Jennie (제니) – rapper, vocalist[305] Rosé (로제) – vocalist, dancer[305] Lisa (리사) – dancer, rapper, vocalist[305] Discography Main article: Blackpink discography Studio albums The Album (2020) Born Pink (2022) Concerts and tours Main article: List of Blackpink live performances Headlining tours Blackpink Arena Tour (2018) In Your Area World Tour (2018–2020) Born Pink World Tour (2022–2023) Headlining concerts Blackpink Japan Premium Debut Showcase (2017) 2019 Private Stage [Chapter 1] (2019) YG Palm Stage ― 2021 Blackpink: The Show (2021) Blackpink: The Virtual (2022) Filmography Main article: Blackpink videography Blackpink House (2018)[306] YG Future Strategy Office (2018)[307][a] Blackpink X Star Road (2018) Blackpink Diaries (2019) 24/365 with Blackpink (2020)[110] Blackpink: Light Up the Sky (2020)[134] Blackpink: The Movie (2021)[308] Born Pink Memories (2022)[309] Notes  Cameo in the first episode. 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Bibliography Besley, Adrian (December 5, 2019). Blackpink: K-Pop's No.1 Girl Group. Michael O'Mara Books. ISBN 978-1-78929-193-3. Jin, Dal Yong (July 2023). Understanding the Korean Wave: Transnational Korean Pop Culture and Digital Technologies. New York, London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. doi:10.4324/9781003393016. ISBN 9781003393016. S2CID 259726680. Kim, Suk-Young (February 28, 2023). Kim, Suk-Young (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to K-Pop. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108938075. ISBN 978-1-108-94478-6. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blackpink. Official website (in Korean and English) vte Blackpink Awards won by Blackpink Articles related to Blackpink Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata Categories: Blackpink2016 establishments in South KoreaInterscope Records artistsK-pop music groupsMAMA Award winnersMelon Music Award winnersMTV Video Music Award winnersMusical groups established in 2016Musical groups from SeoulSouth Korean musical quartetsShorty Award winnersSouth Korean girl groupsUniversal Music Group artistsWorld record holdersYG Entertainment artistsSouth Korean hip hop groupsSouth Korean electronic dance music groupsTrap musicians Music Article Talk Read View source View history Tools Page semi-protected From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Music (disambiguation). Grooved side of the Voyager Golden Record launched along the Voyager probes to space, which feature music from around the world Part of a series on Performing arts AcrobaticsBalletCircus skillsClownDanceGymnasticsMagicMimeMusicOperaProfessional wrestlingPuppetrySpeechStand-up comedyStreet performanceTheatreVentriloquism vte In the most general of terms, Music is the arrangement of sound to create some combination of form, harmony, melody, rhythm, or otherwise expressive content.[1][2][3] Definitions of music vary depending on culture,[4] though it is an aspect of all human societies and a cultural universal.[5] While scholars agree that music is defined by a few specific elements, there is no consensus on their precise definitions.[6] The creation of music is commonly divided into musical composition, musical improvisation, and musical performance,[7] though the topic itself extends into academic disciplines, criticism, philosophy, psychology, and therapeutic contexts. Music may be performed or improvised using a vast range of instruments, including the human voice, thus is often credited for it's extreme versatility, and opportunity for creativity.[8] In some musical contexts, a performance or composition may be to some extent improvised. For instance, in Hindustani classical music, the performer plays spontaneously while following a partially defined structure and using characteristic motifs. In modal jazz, the performers may take turns leading and responding while sharing a changing set of notes. In a free jazz context, there may be no structure whatsoever, with each performer acting at their discretion. Music may be deliberately composed to be unperformable or agglomerated electronically from many performances. Music is played in public and private areas, highlighted at events such as festivals, rock concerts, and orchestra performances, and heard incidentally as part of a score or soundtrack to a film, TV show, opera, or video game. Musical playback is the primary function of an MP3 player or CD player, and a universal feature of radios and smartphones. Music often plays a key role in social activities, religious rituals, rite of passage ceremonies, celebrations, and cultural activities. The music industry includes songwriters, performers, sound engineers, producers, tour organizers, distributors of instruments, accessories, and sheet music. Compositions, performances, and recordings are assessed and evaluated by music critics, music journalists, and music scholars, as well as amateurs. Etymology and terminology In Greek mythology, the nine Muses were the inspiration for many creative endeavors, including the arts, and eventually became closely aligned with music specifically. The modern English word 'music' came into use in the 1630s.[9] It is derived from a long line of successive precursors: the Old English 'musike' of the mid-13th century; the Old French musique of the 12th century; and the Latin mūsica.[10][8][n 1] The Latin word itself derives from the Ancient Greek mousiké (technē)—μουσική (τέχνη)—literally meaning "(art) of the Muses".[10][n 2] The Muses were nine deities in Ancient Greek mythology who presided over the arts and sciences.[13][14] They were included in tales by the earliest Western authors, Homer and Hesiod,[15] and eventually came to be associated with music specifically.[14] Over time, Polyhymnia would reside over music more prominently than the other muses.[11] The Latin word musica was also the originator for both the Spanish música and French musique via spelling and linguistic adjustment, though other European terms were probably loanwords, including the Italian musica, German Musik, Dutch muziek, Norwegian musikk, Polish muzyka and Russian muzïka.[14] The modern Western world usually defines music as an all-encompassing term used to describe diverse genres, styles, and traditions.[16] This is not the case worldwide, and languages such as modern Indonesian (musik) and Shona (musakazo) have recently adopted words to reflect this universal conception, as they did not have words that fit exactly the Western scope.[14] Before Western contact in East Asia, neither Japan nor China had a single word that encompasses music in a broad sense, but culturally, they often regarded music in such a fashion.[17] The closest word to mean music in Chinese, yue, shares a character with le, meaning joy, and originally referred to all the arts before narrowing in meaning.[17] Africa is too diverse to make firm generalizations, but the musicologist J. H. Kwabena Nketia has emphasized African music's often inseparable connection to dance and speech in general.[18] Some African cultures, such as the Songye people of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Tiv people of Nigeria, have a strong and broad conception of 'music' but no corresponding word in their native languages.[18] Other words commonly translated as 'music' often have more specific meanings in their respective cultures: the Hindi word for music, sangita, properly refers to art music,[19] while the many Indigenous languages of the Americas have words for music that refer specifically to song but describe instrumental music regardless.[20] Though the Arabic musiqi can refer to all music, it is usually used for instrumental and metric music, while khandan identifies vocal and improvised music.[21] History Main article: History of music Origins and prehistory Further information: Origins of music and Prehistoric music Bone flute from Geissenklösterle, Germany, dated around c. 43,150–39,370 BP.[22] B_1431 Sha-Amun-en-su, Egyptian singer.[23] It is often debated to what extent the origins of music will ever be understood,[24] and there are competing theories that aim to explain it.[25] Many scholars highlight a relationship between the origin of music and the origin of language, and there is disagreement surrounding whether music developed before, after, or simultaneously with language.[26] A similar source of contention surrounds whether music was the intentional result of natural selection or was a byproduct spandrel of evolution.[26] The earliest influential theory was proposed by Charles Darwin in 1871, who stated that music arose as a form of sexual selection, perhaps via mating calls.[27] Darwin's original perspective has been heavily criticized for its inconsistencies with other sexual selection methods,[28] though many scholars in the 21st century have developed and promoted the theory.[29] Other theories include that music arose to assist in organizing labor, improving long-distance communication, benefiting communication with the divine, assisting in community cohesion or as a defense to scare off predators.[30] Prehistoric music can only be theorized based on findings from paleolithic archaeology sites. The Divje Babe flute, carved from a cave bear femur, is thought to be at least 40,000 years old, though there is considerable debate surrounding whether it is truly a musical instrument or an object formed by animals.[31] The earliest objects whose designations as musical instruments are widely accepted are bone flutes from the Swabian Jura, Germany, namely from the Geissenklösterle, Hohle Fels and Vogelherd caves.[32] Dated to the Aurignacian (of the Upper Paleolithic) and used by Early European modern humans, from all three caves there are eight examples, four made from the wing bones of birds and four from mammoth ivory; three of these are near complete.[32] Three flutes from the Geissenklösterle are dated as the oldest, c. 43,150–39,370 BP.[22][n 3] Antiquity Main article: Ancient music The earliest material and representational evidence of Egyptian musical instruments dates to the Predynastic period, but the evidence is more securely attested in the Old Kingdom when harps, flutes and double clarinets were played.[33] Percussion instruments, lyres, and lutes were added to orchestras by the Middle Kingdom. Cymbals[34] frequently accompanied music and dance, much as they still do in Egypt today. Egyptian folk music, including the traditional Sufi dhikr rituals, are the closest contemporary music genre to ancient Egyptian music, having preserved many of its features, rhythms and instruments.[35][36] The "Hurrian Hymn to Nikkal", found on clay tablets in the ancient Syrian city of Ugarit, is the oldest surviving notated work of music, dating back to approximately 1400 BCE.[37][38] Music was an important part of social and cultural life in ancient Greece, in fact it was one of the main subjects taught to children. Musical education was considered to be important for the development of an individual's soul. Musicians and singers played a prominent role in Greek theater,[39] and those who received a musical education were seen as nobles and in perfect harmony (as can be read in the Republic, Plato). Mixed gender choruses performed for entertainment, celebration, and spiritual ceremonies.[40] Instruments included the double-reed aulos and a plucked string instrument, the lyre, principally a special kind called a kithara. Music was an important part of education, and boys were taught music starting at age six. Greek musical literacy created significant musical development. Greek music theory included the Greek musical modes, that eventually became the basis for Western religious and classical music. Later, influences from the Roman Empire, Eastern Europe, and the Byzantine Empire changed Greek music. The Seikilos epitaph is the oldest surviving example of a complete musical composition, including musical notation, from anywhere in the world.[41] The oldest surviving work written on the subject of music theory is Harmonika Stoicheia by Aristoxenus.[42] Asian cultures Main article: Music of Asia Asian music covers a swath of music cultures surveyed in the articles on Arabia, Central Asia, East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Several have traditions reaching into antiquity. Indian women dressed in regional attire playing a variety of musical instruments popular in different parts of India Indian classical music is one of the oldest musical traditions in the world.[43] Sculptures from the Indus Valley civilization show dance[44] and old musical instruments, like the seven-holed flute. Stringed instruments and drums have been recovered from Harappa and Mohenjo Daro by excavations carried out by Mortimer Wheeler.[45] The Rigveda, an ancient Hindu text, has elements of present Indian music, with musical notation to denote the meter and mode of chanting.[46] Indian classical music (marga) is monophonic, and based on a single melody line or raga rhythmically organized through talas. The poem Cilappatikaram provides information about how new scales can be formed by modal shifting of the tonic from an existing scale.[47] Present day Hindi music was influenced by Persian traditional music and Afghan Mughals. Carnatic music, popular in the southern states, is largely devotional; the majority of the songs are addressed to the Hindu deities. There are songs emphasizing love and other social issues. Indonesia is the home of gong chime, there are variants across Indonesia, especially in Java and Bali. Indonesian music has been formed since the Bronze Age culture migrated to the Indonesian archipelago in the 2nd-3rd centuries BCE. Indonesian traditional music uses percussion instruments, especially kendang and gongs. Some of them developed elaborate and distinctive instruments, such as the sasando stringed instrument on the island of Rote, the Sundanese angklung, and the complex and sophisticated Javanese and Balinese gamelan orchestras. Indonesia is the home of gong chime, a general term for a set of small, high pitched pot gongs. Gongs are usually placed in order of note, with the boss up on a string held in a low wooden frame. The most popular form of Indonesian music is gamelan, an ensemble of tuned percussion instruments that include metallophones, drums, gongs and spike fiddles along with bamboo suling (like a flute).[48][49] Chinese classical music, the traditional art or court music of China, has a history stretching over about 3,000 years. It has its own unique systems of musical notation, as well as musical tuning and pitch, musical instruments and styles or genres. Chinese music is pentatonic-diatonic, having a scale of twelve notes to an octave (5 + 7 = 12) as does European-influenced music.[50] Western classical Main article: Classical music Early music Breves dies hominis Duration: 3 minutes and 32 seconds.3:32 by Léonin or Pérotin Problems playing this file? See media help. Musical notation from a Catholic Missal, c. 1310–1320 The medieval music era (500 to 1400), which took place during the Middle Ages, started with the introduction of monophonic (single melodic line) chanting into Catholic Church services. Musical notation was used since ancient times in Greek culture, but in the Middle Ages, notation was first introduced by the Catholic Church, so chant melodies could be written down, to facilitate the use of the same melodies for religious music across the Catholic empire. The only European Medieval repertory that has been found, in written form, from before 800 is the monophonic liturgical plainsong chant of the Catholic Church, the central tradition of which was called Gregorian chant. Alongside these traditions of sacred and church music there existed a vibrant tradition of secular song (non-religious songs). Examples of composers from this period are Léonin, Pérotin, Guillaume de Machaut, and Walther von der Vogelweide.[51][52][53][54] Renaissance music (c. 1400 to 1600) was more focused on secular themes, such as courtly love. Around 1450, the printing press was invented, which made printed sheet music much less expensive and easier to mass-produce (prior to the invention of the press, all notated music was hand-copied). The increased availability of sheet music spread musical styles quicker and across a larger area. Musicians and singers often worked for the church, courts and towns. Church choirs grew in size, and the church remained an important patron of music. By the middle of the 15th century, composers wrote richly polyphonic sacred music, in which different melody lines were interwoven simultaneously. Prominent composers from this era include Guillaume Du Fay, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Thomas Morley, Orlando di Lasso and Josquin des Prez. As musical activity shifted from the church to aristocratic courts, kings, queens and princes competed for the finest composers. Many leading composers came from the Netherlands, Belgium, and France; they are called the Franco-Flemish composers.[55] They held important positions throughout Europe, especially in Italy. Other countries with vibrant musical activity included Germany, England, and Spain. Common practice period Baroque Main article: Baroque music Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 5 Duration: 8 minutes and 34 seconds.8:34 Toccata and Fugue by J.S. Bach Problems playing this file? See media help. The Baroque era of music took place from 1600 to 1750, as the Baroque artistic style flourished across Europe; and during this time, music expanded in its range and complexity. Baroque music began when the first operas (dramatic solo vocal music accompanied by orchestra) were written. During the Baroque era, polyphonic contrapuntal music, in which multiple, simultaneous independent melody lines were used, remained important (counterpoint was important in the vocal music of the Medieval era). German Baroque composers wrote for small ensembles including strings, brass, and woodwinds, as well as for choirs and keyboard instruments such as pipe organ, harpsichord, and clavichord. During this period several major music forms were defined that lasted into later periods when they were expanded and evolved further, including the fugue, the invention, the sonata, and the concerto.[56] The late Baroque style was polyphonically complex and richly ornamented. Important composers from the Baroque era include Johann Sebastian Bach (Cello suites), George Frideric Handel (Messiah), Georg Philipp Telemann and Antonio Vivaldi (The Four Seasons). Classicism Main article: Classical period (music) Symphony No. 40 G minor Duration: 8 minutes and 14 seconds.8:14 Symphony 40 G minor by W.A. Mozart Problems playing this file? See media help. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period. The music of the Classical period (1730 to 1820) aimed to imitate what were seen as the key elements of the art and philosophy of Ancient Greece and Rome: the ideals of balance, proportion and disciplined expression. (Note: the music from the Classical period should not be confused with Classical music in general, a term which refers to Western art music from the 5th century to the 2000s, which includes the Classical period as one of a number of periods). Music from the Classical period has a lighter, clearer and considerably simpler texture than the Baroque music which preceded it. The main style was homophony,[57] where a prominent melody and a subordinate chordal accompaniment part are clearly distinct. Classical instrumental melodies tended to be almost voicelike and singable. New genres were developed, and the fortepiano, the forerunner to the modern piano, replaced the Baroque era harpsichord and pipe organ as the main keyboard instrument (though pipe organ continued to be used in sacred music, such as Masses). Importance was given to instrumental music. It was dominated by further development of musical forms initially defined in the Baroque period: the sonata, the concerto, and the symphony. Other main kinds were the trio, string quartet, serenade and divertimento. The sonata was the most important and developed form. Although Baroque composers also wrote sonatas, the Classical style of sonata is completely distinct. All of the main instrumental forms of the Classical era, from string quartets to symphonies and concertos, were based on the structure of the sonata. The instruments used chamber music and orchestra became more standardized. In place of the basso continuo group of the Baroque era, which consisted of harpsichord, organ or lute along with a number of bass instruments selected at the discretion of the group leader (e.g., viol, cello, theorbo, serpent), Classical chamber groups used specified, standardized instruments (e.g., a string quartet would be performed by two violins, a viola and a cello). The practice of improvised chord-playing by the continuo keyboardist or lute player, a hallmark of Baroque music, underwent a gradual decline between 1750-1800.[58] One of the most important changes made in the Classical period was the development of public concerts. The aristocracy still played a significant role in the sponsorship of concerts and compositions, but it was now possible for composers to survive without being permanent employees of queens or princes. The increasing popularity of classical music led to a growth in the number and types of orchestras. The expansion of orchestral concerts necessitated the building of large public performance spaces. Symphonic music including symphonies, musical accompaniment to ballet and mixed vocal/instrumental genres, such as opera and oratorio, became more popular.[59][60][61] The best known composers of Classicism are Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Christoph Willibald Gluck, Johann Christian Bach, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert. Beethoven and Schubert are also considered to be composers in the later part of the Classical era, as it began to move towards Romanticism. Romanticism Main article: Romantic music Die Walküre Duration: 27 minutes and 57 seconds.27:57 Die Walküre by Richard Wagner Problems playing this file? See media help. The piano was the centrepiece of social activity for middle-class urbanites in the 19th century (Moritz von Schwind, 1868). The man at the piano is composer Franz Schubert. Romantic music (c. 1820 to 1900) from the 19th century had many elements in common with the Romantic styles in literature and painting of the era. Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature. Romantic music expanded beyond the rigid styles and forms of the Classical era into more passionate, dramatic expressive pieces and songs. Romantic composers such as Wagner and Brahms attempted to increase emotional expression and power in their music to describe deeper truths or human feelings. With symphonic tone poems, composers tried to tell stories and evoke images or landscapes using instrumental music. Some composers promoted nationalistic pride with patriotic orchestral music inspired by folk music. The emotional and expressive qualities of music came to take precedence over tradition.[62] Romantic composers grew in idiosyncrasy, and went further in the syncretism of exploring different art-forms in a musical context, (such as literature), history (historical figures and legends), or nature itself. Romantic love or longing was a prevalent theme in many works composed during this period. In some cases, the formal structures from the classical period continued to be used (e.g., the sonata form used in string quartets and symphonies), but these forms were expanded and altered. In many cases, new approaches were explored for existing genres, forms, and functions. Also, new forms were created that were deemed better suited to the new subject matter. Composers continued to develop opera and ballet music, exploring new styles and themes.[39] In the years after 1800, the music developed by Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert introduced a more dramatic, expressive style. In Beethoven's case, short motifs, developed organically, came to replace melody as the most significant compositional unit (an example is the distinctive four note figure used in his Fifth Symphony). Later Romantic composers such as Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Antonín Dvořák, and Gustav Mahler used more unusual chords and more dissonance to create dramatic tension. They generated complex and often much longer musical works. During the late Romantic period, composers explored dramatic chromatic alterations of tonality, such as extended chords and altered chords, which created new sound "colors." The late 19th century saw a dramatic expansion in the size of the orchestra, and the industrial revolution helped to create better instruments, creating a more powerful sound. Public concerts became an important part of well-to-do urban society. It also saw a new diversity in theatre music, including operetta, and musical comedy and other forms of musical theatre.[39] 20th and 21st century Main article: 20th-century music Landman's 2006 Moodswinger, a 3rd-bridged overtone zither and an example of experimental musical instruments In the 19th century, a key way new compositions became known to the public, was by the sales of sheet music, which middle class amateur music lovers would perform at home, on their piano or other common instruments, such as the violin. With 20th-century music, the invention of new electric technologies such as radio broadcasting and mass market availability of gramophone records meant sound recordings heard by listeners (on the radio or record player), became the main way to learn about new songs and pieces.[63] There was a vast increase in music listening as the radio gained popularity and phonographs were used to replay and distribute music, anyone with a radio or record player could hear operas, symphonies and big bands in their own living room. During the 19th century, the focus on sheet music had restricted access to new music to middle and upper-class people who could read music and who owned pianos and other instruments. Radios and record players allowed lower-income people, who could not afford an opera or symphony concert ticket to hear this music. It meant people could hear music from different parts of the country, or even different parts of the world, even if they could not afford to travel to these locations. This helped to spread musical styles.[64] The focus of art music in the 20th century was characterized by exploration of new rhythms, styles, and sounds. The horrors of World War I influenced many of the arts, including music, and composers began exploring darker, harsher sounds. Traditional music styles such as jazz and folk music were used by composers as a source of ideas for classical music. Igor Stravinsky, Arnold Schoenberg, and John Cage were influential composers in 20th-century art music. The invention of sound recording and the ability to edit music gave rise to new subgenres of classical music, including the acousmatic[65] and Musique concrète schools of electronic composition. Sound recording was a major influence on the development of popular music genres, because it enabled recordings of songs and bands to be widely distributed. The introduction of the multitrack recording system had a major influence on rock music, because it could do more than record a band's performance. Using a multitrack system, a band and their music producer could overdub many layers of instrument tracks and vocals, creating new sounds that would not be possible in a live performance.[66][67] Jazz evolved and became an important genre of music over the course of the 20th century, and during the second half, rock music did the same. Jazz is an American musical artform that originated in the beginning of the 20th century, in African American communities in the Southern United States from a confluence of African and European music traditions. The style's West African pedigree is evident in its use of blue notes, improvisation, polyrhythms, syncopation, and the swung note.[68] شيرين Sherine Rock music is a genre of popular music that developed in the 1950s from rock and roll, rockabilly, blues, and country music.[69] The sound of rock often revolves around the electric or acoustic guitar, and it uses a strong back beat laid down by a rhythm section. Along with the guitar or keyboards, saxophone and blues-style harmonica are used as soloing instruments. In its "purest form", it "has three chords, a strong, insistent back beat, and a catchy melody."[70] The traditional rhythm section for popular music is rhythm guitar, electric bass guitar, drums. Some bands have keyboard instruments such as organ, piano, or, since the 1970s, analog synthesizers. In the 1980s, pop musicians began using digital synthesizers, such as the DX-7 synthesizer, electronic drum machines such as the TR-808 and synth bass devices (such as the TB-303) or synth bass keyboards. In the 1990s, an increasingly large range of computerized hardware musical devices and instruments and software (e.g. digital audio workstations) were used. In the 2020s, soft synths and computer music apps make it possible for bedroom producers to create and record types of music, such as electronic dance music, in their home, adding sampled and digital instruments and editing the recording digitally. In the 1990s, bands in genres such as nu metal began including DJs in their bands. DJs create music by manipulating recorded music, using a DJ mixer.[71][72] Innovation in music technology continued into the 21st century, including the development of isomorphic keyboards and Dynamic Tonality. Creation Composition Main article: Musical composition French Baroque music composer Michel Richard Delalande (1657–1726), pen in hand People composing music in 2013 using electronic keyboards and computers "Composition" is the act or practice of creating a song, an instrumental music piece, a work with both singing and instruments, or another type of music. In many cultures, including Western classical music, the act of composing also includes the creation of music notation, such as a sheet music "score", which is then performed by the composer or by other singers or musicians. In popular music and traditional music, the act of composing, which is typically called songwriting, may involve the creation of a basic outline of the song, called the lead sheet, which sets out the melody, lyrics and chord progression. In classical music, the composer typically orchestrates his or her own compositions, but in musical theatre and in pop music, songwriters may hire an arranger to do the orchestration. In some cases, a songwriter may not use notation at all, and instead, compose the song in her mind and then play or record it from memory. In jazz and popular music, notable recordings by influential performers are given the weight that written scores play in classical music.[73][74] Even when music is notated relatively precisely, as in classical music, there are many decisions that a performer has to make, because notation does not specify all of the elements of music precisely. The process of deciding how to perform music that has been previously composed and notated is termed "interpretation". Different performers' interpretations of the same work of music can vary widely, in terms of the tempos that are chosen and the playing or singing style or phrasing of the melodies. Composers and songwriters who present their own music are interpreting their songs, just as much as those who perform the music of others. The standard body of choices and techniques present at a given time and a given place is referred to as performance practice, whereas interpretation is generally used to mean the individual choices of a performer.[75] Although a musical composition often uses musical notation and has a single author, this is not always the case. A work of music can have multiple composers, which often occurs in popular music when a band collaborates to write a song, or in musical theatre, when one person writes the melodies, a second person writes the lyrics, and a third person orchestrates the songs. In some styles of music, such as the blues, a composer/songwriter may create, perform and record new songs or pieces without ever writing them down in music notation. A piece of music can also be composed with words, images, or computer programs that explain or notate how the singer or musician should create musical sounds. Examples range from avant-garde music that uses graphic notation, to text compositions such as Aus den sieben Tagen, to computer programs that select sounds for musical pieces. Music that makes heavy use of randomness and chance is called aleatoric music,[76] and is associated with contemporary composers active in the 20th century, such as John Cage, Morton Feldman, and Witold Lutosławski. A commonly known example of chance-based music is the sound of wind chimes jingling in a breeze. The study of composition has traditionally been dominated by examination of methods and practice of Western classical music, but the definition of composition is broad enough to include the creation of popular music and traditional music songs and instrumental pieces as well as spontaneously improvised works like those of free jazz performers and African percussionists such as Ewe drummers. Performance Main article: Performance Chinese Naxi musicians Assyrians playing zurna and Davul, instruments that go back thousands of years Performance is the physical expression of music, which occurs when a song is sung or piano piece, guitar melody, symphony, drum beat or other musical part is played. In classical music, a work is written in music notation by a composer and then performed once the composer is satisfied with its structure and instrumentation. However, as it gets performed, the interpretation of a song or piece can evolve and change. In classical music, instrumental performers, singers or conductors may gradually make changes to the phrasing or tempo of a piece. In popular and traditional music, the performers have more freedom to make changes to the form of a song or piece. As such, in popular and traditional music styles, even when a band plays a cover song, they can make changes such as adding a guitar solo or inserting an introduction.[77] A performance can either be planned out and rehearsed (practiced)—which is the norm in classical music, jazz big bands, and many popular music styles–or improvised over a chord progression (a sequence of chords), which is the norm in small jazz and blues groups. Rehearsals of orchestras, concert bands and choirs are led by a conductor. Rock, blues and jazz bands are usually led by the bandleader. A rehearsal is a structured repetition of a song or piece by the performers until it can be sung or played correctly and, if it is a song or piece for more than one musician, until the parts are together from a rhythmic and tuning perspective. Many cultures have strong traditions of solo performance (in which one singer or instrumentalist performs), such as in Indian classical music, and in the Western art-music tradition. Other cultures, such as in Bali, include strong traditions of group performance. All cultures include a mixture of both, and performance may range from improvised solo playing to highly planned and organized performances such as the modern classical concert, religious processions, classical music festivals or music competitions. Chamber music, which is music for a small ensemble with only one or a few of each type of instrument, is often seen as more intimate than large symphonic works.[78] Improvisation Main article: Musical improvisation Musical improvisation is the creation of spontaneous music, often within (or based on) a pre-existing harmonic framework, chord progression, or riffs. Improvisers use the notes of the chord, various scales that are associated with each chord, and chromatic ornaments and passing tones which may be neither chord tones nor from the typical scales associated with a chord. Musical improvisation can be done with or without preparation. Improvisation is a major part of some types of music, such as blues, jazz, and jazz fusion, in which instrumental performers improvise solos, melody lines, and accompaniment parts..[79] In the Western art music tradition, improvisation was an important skill during the Baroque era and during the Classical era. In the Baroque era, performers improvised ornaments, and basso continuo keyboard players improvised chord voicings based on figured bass notation. As well, the top soloists were expected to be able to improvise pieces such as preludes. In the Classical era, solo performers and singers improvised virtuoso cadenzas during concerts. However, in the 20th and early 21st century, as "common practice" Western art music performance became institutionalized in symphony orchestras, opera houses, and ballets, improvisation has played a smaller role, as more and more music was notated in scores and parts for musicians to play. At the same time, some 20th and 21st century art music composers have increasingly included improvisation in their creative work. In Indian classical music, improvisation is a core component and an essential criterion of performances. Art and entertainment Khatia Buniatishvili playing a grand piano Music is composed and performed for many purposes, ranging from aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, or as an entertainment product for the marketplace. When music was only available through sheet music scores, such as during the Classical and Romantic eras, music lovers would buy the sheet music of their favourite pieces and songs so that they could perform them at home on the piano. With the advent of the phonograph, records of popular songs, rather than sheet music became the dominant way that music lovers would enjoy their favourite songs. With the advent of home tape recorders in the 1980s and digital music in the 1990s, music lovers could make tapes or playlists of favourite songs and take them with them on a portable cassette player or MP3 player. Some music lovers create mix tapes of favourite songs, which serve as a "self-portrait, a gesture of friendship, prescription for an ideal party... [and] an environment consisting solely of what is most ardently loved".[80] Amateur musicians can compose or perform music for their own pleasure and derive income elsewhere. Professional musicians are employed by institutions and organisations, including armed forces (in marching bands, concert bands and popular music groups), religious institutions, symphony orchestras, broadcasting or film production companies, and music schools. Professional musicians sometimes work as freelancers or session musicians, seeking contracts and engagements in a variety of settings. There are often many links between amateur and professional musicians. Beginning amateur musicians take lessons with professional musicians. In community settings, advanced amateur musicians perform with professional musicians in a variety of ensembles such as community concert bands and community orchestras. A distinction is often made between music performed for a live audience and music that is performed in a studio so that it can be recorded and distributed through the music retail system or the broadcasting system. However, there are also many cases where a live performance in front of an audience is also recorded and distributed. Live concert recordings are popular in both classical music and in popular music forms such as rock, where illegally taped live concerts are prized by music lovers. In the jam band scene, live, improvised jam sessions are preferred to studio recordings.[81] Notation Main article: Musical notation Sheet music is a written representation of music. Homorhythmic (i.e., hymn-style) arrangement of the traditional "Adeste Fideles" in standard two-staff format for mixed voices. playⓘ Music notation typically means the written expression of music notes and rhythms on paper using symbols. When music is written down, the pitches and rhythm of the music, such as the notes of a melody, are notated. Music notation often provides instructions on how to perform the music. For example, the sheet music for a song may state the song is a "slow blues" or a "fast swing", which indicates the tempo and the genre. To read notation, a person must have an understanding of music theory, harmony and the performance practice associated with a particular song or piece's genre. Written notation varies with the style and period of music. Nowadays, notated music is produced as sheet music or, for individuals with computer scorewriter programs, as an image on a computer screen. In ancient times, music notation was put onto stone or clay tablets.[38] To perform music from notation, a singer or instrumentalist requires an understanding of the rhythmic and pitch elements embodied in the symbols and the performance practice that is associated with a piece of music or genre. In genres requiring musical improvisation, the performer often plays from music where only the chord changes and form of the song are written, requiring the performer to have a great understanding of the music's structure, harmony and the styles of a particular genre e.g., jazz or country music. In Western art music, the most common types of written notation are scores, which include all the music parts of an ensemble piece, and parts, which are the music notation for the individual performers or singers. In popular music, jazz, and blues, the standard musical notation is the lead sheet, which notates the melody, chords, lyrics (if it is a vocal piece), and structure of the music. Fake books are also used in jazz; they may consist of lead sheets or simply chord charts, which permit rhythm section members to improvise an accompaniment part to jazz songs. Scores and parts are also used in popular music and jazz, particularly in large ensembles such as jazz "big bands." In popular music, guitarists and electric bass players often read music notated in tablature (often abbreviated as "tab"), which indicates the location of the notes to be played on the instrument using a diagram of the guitar or bass fingerboard. Tablature was used in the Baroque era to notate music for the lute, a stringed, fretted instrument.[82] Oral and aural tradition Many types of music, such as traditional blues and folk music were not written down in sheet music; instead, they were originally preserved in the memory of performers, and the songs were handed down orally, from one musician or singer to another, or aurally, in which a performer learns a song "by ear". When the composer of a song or piece is no longer known, this music is often classified as "traditional" or as a "folk song". Different musical traditions have different attitudes towards how and where to make changes to the original source material, from quite strict, to those that demand improvisation or modification to the music. A culture's history and stories may also be passed on by ear through song.[83] Elements Main article: Elements of music Music has many different fundamentals or elements. Depending on the definition of "element" being used, these can include pitch, beat or pulse, tempo, rhythm, melody, harmony, texture, style, allocation of voices, timbre or color, dynamics, expression, articulation, form, and structure. The elements of music feature prominently in the music curriculums of Australia, the UK, and the US. All three curriculums identify pitch, dynamics, timbre, and texture as elements, but the other identified elements of music are far from universally agreed upon. Below is a list of the three official versions of the "elements of music": Australia: pitch, timbre, texture, dynamics and expression, rhythm, form and structure.[84] UK: pitch, timbre, texture, dynamics, duration, tempo, structure.[85] USA: pitch, timbre, texture, dynamics, rhythm, form, harmony, style/articulation.[86] In relation to the UK curriculum, in 2013 the term: "appropriate musical notations" was added to their list of elements and the title of the list was changed from the "elements of music" to the "inter-related dimensions of music". The inter-related dimensions of music are listed as: pitch, duration, dynamics, tempo, timbre, texture, structure, and appropriate musical notations.[87] The phrase "the elements of music" is used in a number of different contexts. The two most common contexts can be differentiated by describing them as the "rudimentary elements of music" and the "perceptual elements of music".[n 4] Pitch Main article: Pitch (music) Pitch is an aspect of a sound that we can hear, reflecting whether one musical sound, note, or tone is "higher" or "lower" than another musical sound, note, or tone. We can talk about the highness or lowness of pitch in the more general sense, such as the way a listener hears a piercingly high piccolo note or whistling tone as higher in pitch than a deep thump of a bass drum. We also talk about pitch in the precise sense associated with musical melodies, basslines and chords. Precise pitch can only be determined in sounds that have a frequency that is clear and stable enough to distinguish from noise. For example, it is much easier for listeners to discern the pitch of a single note played on a piano than to try to discern the pitch of a crash cymbal that is struck.[92] Melody Main article: Melody The melody to the traditional song "Pop Goes the Weasel" playⓘ A melody, also called a "tune", is a series of pitches (notes) sounding in succession (one after the other), often in a rising and falling pattern. The notes of a melody are typically created using pitch systems such as scales or modes. Melodies also often contain notes from the chords used in the song. The melodies in simple folk songs and traditional songs may use only the notes of a single scale, the scale associated with the tonic note or key of a given song. For example, a folk song in the key of C (also referred to as C major) may have a melody that uses only the notes of the C major scale (the individual notes C, D, E, F, G, A, B, and C; these are the "white notes" on a piano keyboard. On the other hand, Bebop-era jazz from the 1940s and contemporary music from the 20th and 21st centuries may use melodies with many chromatic notes (i.e., notes in addition to the notes of the major scale; on a piano, a chromatic scale would include all the notes on the keyboard, including the "white notes" and "black notes" and unusual scales, such as the whole tone scale (a whole tone scale in the key of C would contain the notes C, D, E, F♯, G♯ and A♯). A low musical line played by bass instruments, such as double bass, electric bass, or tuba, is called a bassline.[93] Harmony Main article: Harmony A player performing a chord (combination of many different notes) on a guitar Harmony refers to the "vertical" sounds of pitches in music, which means pitches that are played or sung together at the same time to create a chord. Usually, this means the notes are played at the same time, although harmony may also be implied by a melody that outlines a harmonic structure (i.e., by using melody notes that are played one after the other, outlining the notes of a chord). In music written using the system of major-minor tonality ("keys"), which includes most classical music written from 1600 to 1900 and most Western pop, rock, and traditional music, the key of a piece determines the "home note" or tonic to which the piece generally resolves, and the character (e.g. major or minor) of the scale in use. Simple classical pieces and many pop and traditional music songs are written so that all the music is in a single key. More complex Classical, pop, and traditional music songs and pieces may have two keys (and in some cases three or more keys). Classical music from the Romantic era (written from about 1820–1900) often contains multiple keys,[94] as does jazz, especially Bebop jazz from the 1940s, in which the key or "home note" of a song may change every four bars or even every two bars.[95] Rhythm Main article: Rhythm Rhythm is the arrangement of sounds and silences in time. Meter animates time in regular pulse groupings, called measures or bars, which in Western classical, popular, and traditional music often group notes in sets of two (e.g., 2/4 time), three (e.g., 3/4 time, also known as Waltz time, or 3/8 time), or four (e.g., 4/4 time). Meters are made easier to hear because songs and pieces often (but not always) place an emphasis on the first beat of each grouping. Notable exceptions exist, such as the backbeat used in much Western pop and rock, in which a song that uses a measure that consists of four beats (called 4/4 time or common time) will have accents on beats two and four, which are typically performed by the drummer on the snare drum, a loud and distinctive-sounding percussion instrument. In pop and rock, the rhythm parts of a song are played by the rhythm section, which includes chord-playing instruments (e.g., electric guitar, acoustic guitar, piano, or other keyboard instruments), a bass instrument (typically electric bass or for some styles such as jazz and bluegrass, double bass) and a drum kit player.[96] Texture Main article: Texture (music) Musical texture is the overall sound of a piece of music or song. The texture of a piece or song is determined by how the melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic materials are combined in a composition, thus determining the overall nature of the sound in a piece. Texture is often described in regard to the density, or thickness, and range, or width, between lowest and highest pitches, in relative terms as well as more specifically distinguished according to the number of voices, or parts, and the relationship between these voices (see common types below). For example, a thick texture contains many 'layers' of instruments. One layer can be a string section or another brass. The thickness is affected by the amount and the richness of the instruments.[97] Texture is commonly described according to the number of and relationship between parts or lines of music: monophony: a single melody (or "tune") with neither instrumental accompaniment nor a harmony part. A mother singing a lullaby to her baby would be an example. heterophony: two or more instruments or singers playing/singing the same melody, but with each performer slightly varying the rhythm or speed of the melody or adding different ornaments to the melody. Two bluegrass fiddlers playing the same traditional fiddle tune together will typically each vary the melody by some degree and each add different ornaments. polyphony: multiple independent melody lines that interweave together, which are sung or played at the same time. Choral music written in the Renaissance music era was typically written in this style. A round, which is a song such as "Row, Row, Row Your Boat", which different groups of singers all start to sing at a different time, is an example of polyphony. homophony: a clear melody supported by chordal accompaniment. Most Western popular music songs from the 19th century onward are written in this texture. Music that contains a large number of independent parts (e.g., a double concerto accompanied by 100 orchestral instruments with many interweaving melodic lines) is generally said to have a "thicker" or "denser" texture than a work with few parts (e.g., a solo flute melody accompanied by a single cello). Timbre Main article: Timbre Spectrogram of the first second of an E9 suspended chord played on a Fender Stratocaster guitar. Below is the E9 suspended chord audio:  Duration: 13 seconds.0:13 Timbre, sometimes called "color" or "tone color" is the quality or sound of a voice or instrument.[98] Timbre is what makes a particular musical sound different from another, even when they have the same pitch and loudness. For example, a 440 Hz A note sounds different when it is played on oboe, piano, violin, or electric guitar. Even if different players of the same instrument play the same note, their notes might sound different due to differences in instrumental technique (e.g., different embouchures), different types of accessories (e.g., mouthpieces for brass players, reeds for oboe and bassoon players) or strings made out of different materials for string players (e.g., gut strings versus steel strings). Even two instrumentalists playing the same note on the same instrument (one after the other) may sound different due to different ways of playing the instrument (e.g., two string players might hold the bow differently). The physical characteristics of sound that determine the perception of timbre include the spectrum, envelope, and overtones of a note or musical sound. For electric instruments developed in the 20th century, such as electric guitar, electric bass and electric piano, the performer can also change the tone by adjusting equalizer controls, tone controls on the instrument, and by using electronic effects units such as distortion pedals. The tone of the electric Hammond organ is controlled by adjusting drawbars. Expression Expressive qualities are those elements in music that create change in music without changing the main pitches or substantially changing the rhythms of the melody and its accompaniment. Performers, including singers and instrumentalists, can add musical expression to a song or piece by adding phrasing, by adding effects such as vibrato (with voice and some instruments, such as guitar, violin, brass instruments, and woodwinds), dynamics (the loudness or softness of piece or a section of it), tempo fluctuations (e.g., ritardando or accelerando, which are, respectively slowing down and speeding up the tempo), by adding pauses or fermatas on a cadence, and by changing the articulation of the notes (e.g., making notes more pronounced or accented, by making notes more legato, which means smoothly connected, or by making notes shorter). Expression is achieved through the manipulation of pitch (such as inflection, vibrato, slides etc.), volume (dynamics, accent, tremolo etc.), duration (tempo fluctuations, rhythmic changes, changing note duration such as with legato and staccato, etc.), timbre (e.g. changing vocal timbre from a light to a resonant voice) and sometimes even texture (e.g. doubling the bass note for a richer effect in a piano piece). Expression therefore can be seen as a manipulation of all elements to convey "an indication of mood, spirit, character etc."[99] and as such cannot be included as a unique perceptual element of music,[100] although it can be considered an important rudimentary element of music. Form See also: Binary form, Ternary form, and Development (music) Sheet music notation for the chorus (refrain) of the Christmas song "Jingle Bells" Jingle Bells refrain vector.midⓘ In music, form describes the overall structure or plan of a song or piece of music,[101] and it describes the layout of a composition as divided into sections.[102] In the early 20th century, Tin Pan Alley songs and Broadway musical songs were often in AABA thirty-two-bar form, in which the A sections repeated the same eight bar melody (with variation) and the B section provided a contrasting melody or harmony for eight bars. From the 1960s onward, Western pop and rock songs are often in verse-chorus form, which comprises a sequence of verse and chorus ("refrain") sections, with new lyrics for most verses and repeating lyrics for the choruses. Popular music often makes use of strophic form, sometimes in conjunction with the twelve bar blues.[103] In the tenth edition of The Oxford Companion to Music, Percy Scholes defines musical form as "a series of strategies designed to find a successful mean between the opposite extremes of unrelieved repetition and unrelieved alteration."[104] Examples of common forms of Western music include the fugue, the invention, sonata-allegro, canon, strophic, theme and variations, and rondo. Scholes states that European classical music had only six stand-alone forms: simple binary, simple ternary, compound binary, rondo, air with variations, and fugue (although musicologist Alfred Mann emphasized that the fugue is primarily a method of composition that has sometimes taken on certain structural conventions.[105]) Where a piece cannot readily be broken into sectional units (though it might borrow some form from a poem, story or programme), it is said to be through-composed. Such is often the case with a fantasia, prelude, rhapsody, etude (or study), symphonic poem, Bagatelle, impromptu or similar compostion.[106] Professor Charles Keil classified forms and formal detail as "sectional, developmental, or variational."[107] Philosophy Main article: Philosophy of music The Woman in Red by Giovanni Boldini The philosophy of music is the study of fundamental questions regarding music and has connections with questions in metaphysics and aesthetics. Questions include: What is the definition of music? (What are the necessary and sufficient conditions for classifying something as music?) What is the relationship between music and mind? What does music history reveal to us about the world? What is the connection between music and emotions? What is meaning in relation to music? In ancient times, such as with the Ancient Greeks, the aesthetics of music explored the mathematical and cosmological dimensions of rhythmic and harmonic organization. In the 18th century, focus shifted to the experience of hearing music, and thus to questions about its beauty and human enjoyment (plaisir and jouissance) of music. The origin of this philosophic shift is sometimes attributed to Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten in the 18th century, followed by Immanuel Kant. Through their writing, the ancient term 'aesthetics', meaning sensory perception, received its present-day connotation. In the 2000s, philosophers have tended to emphasize issues besides beauty and enjoyment. For example, music's capacity to express emotion has been foregrounded. [108] In the 20th century, important contributions were made by Peter Kivy, Jerrold Levinson, Roger Scruton, and Stephen Davies. However, many musicians, music critics, and other non-philosophers have contributed to the aesthetics of music. In the 19th century, a significant debate arose between Eduard Hanslick, a music critic and musicologist, and composer Richard Wagner regarding whether music can express meaning. Harry Partch and some other musicologists, such as Kyle Gann, have studied and tried to popularize microtonal music and the usage of alternate musical scales. Modern composers like La Monte Young, Rhys Chatham and Glenn Branca paid much attention to a scale called just intonation.[109][110][111] It is often thought that music has the ability to affect our emotions, intellect, and psychology; it can assuage our loneliness or incite our passions. The philosopher Plato suggests in The Republic that music has a direct effect on the soul. Therefore, he proposes that in the ideal regime music would be closely regulated by the state (Book VII).[112] In Ancient China, the philosopher Confucius believed that music and rituals or rites are interconnected and harmonious with nature; he stated that music was the harmonization of heaven and earth, while the order was brought by the rites order, making them extremely crucial functions in society.[113] Psychology Main article: Music psychology Modern music psychology aims to explain and understand musical behavior and experience.[114] Research in this field and its subfields are primarily empirical; their knowledge tends to advance on the basis of interpretations of data collected by systematic observation of and interaction with human participants. In addition to its focus on fundamental perceptions and cognitive processes, music psychology is a field of research with practical relevance for many areas, including music performance, composition, education, criticism, and therapy, as well as investigations of human aptitude, skill, intelligence, creativity, and social behavior. Neuroscience Main article: Neuroscience of music The primary auditory cortex is one of the main areas associated with superior pitch resolution. Cognitive neuroscience of music is the scientific study of brain-based mechanisms involved in the cognitive processes underlying music. These behaviours include music listening, performing, composing, reading, writing, and ancillary activities. It also is increasingly concerned with the brain basis for musical aesthetics and musical emotion. The field is distinguished by its reliance on direct observations of the brain, using such techniques as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), magnetoencephalography (MEG), electroencephalography (EEG), and positron emission tomography (PET). Cognitive musicology Main article: Cognitive musicology Cognitive musicology is a branch of cognitive science concerned with computationally modeling musical knowledge with the goal of understanding both music and cognition.[115] The use of computer models provides an exacting, interactive medium in which to formulate and test theories and has roots in artificial intelligence and cognitive science.[116] This interdisciplinary field investigates topics such as the parallels between language and music in the brain. Biologically inspired models of computation are often included in research, such as neural networks and evolutionary programs.[117] This field seeks to model how musical knowledge is represented, stored, perceived, performed, and generated. By using a well-structured computer environment, the systematic structures of these cognitive phenomena can be investigated.[118] Psychoacoustics Main article: Psychoacoustics Psychoacoustics is the scientific study of sound perception. More specifically, it is the branch of science studying the psychological and physiological responses associated with sound (including speech and music). It can be further categorized as a branch of psychophysics. Evolutionary musicology Main article: Evolutionary musicology Evolutionary musicology concerns the "origins of music, the question of animal song, selection pressures underlying music evolution", and "music evolution and human evolution".[119] It seeks to understand music perception and activity in the context of evolutionary theory. Charles Darwin speculated that music may have held an adaptive advantage and functioned as a protolanguage,[120] a view which has spawned several competing theories of music evolution.[121][122][page needed][123] An alternate view sees music as a by-product of linguistic evolution; a type of "auditory cheesecake" that pleases the senses without providing any adaptive function.[124] This view has been directly countered by numerous music researchers.[125][126][127] Cultural effects Main article: Culture in music cognition An individual's culture or ethnicity plays a role in their music cognition, including their preferences, emotional reaction, and musical memory. Musical preferences are biased toward culturally familiar musical traditions beginning in infancy, and adults' classification of the emotion of a musical piece depends on both culturally specific and universal structural features.[128][129] Additionally, individuals' musical memory abilities are greater for culturally familiar music than for culturally unfamiliar music.[130][131] Perceptual Since the emergence of the study of psychoacoustics in the 1930s, most lists of elements of music have related more to how we hear music than how we learn to play it or study it. C.E. Seashore, in his book Psychology of Music,[132] identified four "psychological attributes of sound". These were: "pitch, loudness, time, and timbre" (p. 3). He did not call them the "elements of music" but referred to them as "elemental components" (p. 2). Nonetheless, these elemental components link precisely with four of the most common musical elements: "Pitch" and "timbre" match exactly, "loudness" links with dynamics, and "time" links with the time-based elements of rhythm, duration, and tempo. This usage of the phrase "the elements of music" links more closely with Webster's New 20th Century Dictionary definition of an element as: "a substance which cannot be divided into a simpler form by known methods"[133] and educational institutions' lists of elements generally align with this definition as well. Although writers of lists of "rudimentary elements of music" can vary their lists depending on their personal (or institutional) priorities, the perceptual elements of music should consist of an established (or proven) list of discrete elements which can be independently manipulated to achieve an intended musical effect. It seems at this stage that there is still research to be done in this area. A slightly different way of approaching the identification of the elements of music, is to identify the "elements of sound" as: pitch, duration, loudness, timbre, sonic texture and spatial location,[134] and then to define the "elements of music" as: sound, structure, and artistic intent.[134] Sociological aspects Main article: Sociomusicology Song dynasty (960–1279) painting, Night Revels of Han Xizai, showing Chinese musicians entertaining guests at a party in a 10th-century household Ethnographic studies demonstrate that music is a participatory, community-based activity.[135][136] Music is experienced by individuals in a range of social settings from being alone, to attending a large concert, forming a music community, which cannot be understood as a function of individual will or accident; it includes both commercial and non-commercial participants with a shared set of common values. Musical performances take different forms in different cultures and socioeconomic milieus. In Europe and North America, there was a divide between what types of music were viewed as "high culture" and "low culture." "High culture" included Baroque, Classical, Romantic, and modern-era symphonies, concertos, and solo works, and are typically heard in formal concerts in concert halls and churches, with the audience sitting quietly. Other types of music—including jazz, blues, soul, and country—are often performed in bars, nightclubs, and theatres, where the audience may drink, dance and cheer. Until the 20th century, the division between "high" and "low" musical forms was accepted as a valid distinction that separated out "art music", from popular music heard in bars and dance halls. Musicologists, such as David Brackett, note a "redrawing of high-low cultural-aesthetic boundaries" in the 20th century.[137] And, "when industry and public discourses link categories of music with categories of people, they tend to conflate stereotypes with actual listening communities."[137] Stereotypes can be based on socioeconomic standing, or social class, of the performers or audience of the different types of music. When composers introduce styles of music that break with convention, there can be strong resistance from academics and others. Late-period Beethoven string quartets, Stravinsky ballet scores, serialism, bebop, hip hop, punk rock, and electronica were controversial and criticised, when they were first introduced. Such themes are examined in the sociology of music, sometimes called sociomusicology, which is pursued in departments of sociology, media studies, or music, and is closely related to ethnomusicology. Role of women Main article: Women in music 19th-century composer and pianist Clara Schumann Women have played a major role in music throughout history, as composers, songwriters, instrumental performers, singers, conductors, music scholars, music educators, music critics/music journalists and other musical professions. In the 2010s, while women comprise a significant proportion of popular music and classical music singers, and a significant proportion of songwriters (many of them being singer-songwriters), there are few women record producers, rock critics and rock instrumentalists. Although there have been a huge number of women composers in classical music, from the medieval period to the present day, women composers are significantly underrepresented in the commonly performed classical music repertoire, music history textbooks and music encyclopedias; for example, in the Concise Oxford History of Music, Clara Schumann is one of the few female composers who is mentioned. Women comprise a significant proportion of instrumental soloists in classical music and the percentage of women in orchestras is increasing. A 2015 article on concerto soloists in major Canadian orchestras, however, indicated that 84% of the soloists with the Orchestre Symphonique de Montreal were men. In 2012, women still made up just 6% of the top-ranked Vienna Philharmonic orchestra. Women are less common as instrumental players in popular music genres such as rock and heavy metal, although there have been a number of notable female instrumentalists and all-female bands. Women are particularly underrepresented in extreme metal genres.[138] In the 1960s pop-music scene, "[l]ike most aspects of the...music business, [in the 1960s,] songwriting was a male-dominated field. Though there were plenty of female singers on the radio, women ...were primarily seen as consumers:... Singing was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument, writing songs, or producing records simply wasn't done."[139] Young women "...were not socialized to see themselves as people who create [music]."[139] Women are also underrepresented in orchestral conducting, music criticism/music journalism, music producing, and sound engineering. While women were discouraged from composing in the 19th century, and there are few women musicologists, women became involved in music education "...to such a degree that women dominated [this field] during the later half of the 19th century and well into the 20th century."[140] According to Jessica Duchen, a music writer for London's The Independent, women musicians in classical music are "...too often judged for their appearances, rather than their talent" and they face pressure "...to look sexy onstage and in photos."[141] Duchen states that while "[t]here are women musicians who refuse to play on their looks,...the ones who do tend to be more materially successful."[141] According to the UK's Radio 3 editor, Edwina Wolstencroft, the music industry has long been open to having women in performance or entertainment roles, but women are much less likely to have positions of authority, such as being the conductor of an orchestra.[142] In popular music, while there are many women singers recording songs, there are very few women behind the audio console acting as music producers, the individuals who direct and manage the recording process.[143] One of the most recorded artists is Asha Bhosle, an Indian singer best known as a playback singer in Hindi cinema.[144] Media and technology Further information: Computer music and Music technology Compact Disc Digital Audio (CD-DA) revolutionized audio music formatting. It allowed for music to be played portably without the need to rewind a series of tape. The CD surpassed LP sales in 1988, and cassette tapes in 1991. By 1999, the CD accounted for 87.9% of the entire market share in regard to music sales.[145] Since the 20th century, live music can be broadcast over the radio, television or the Internet, or recorded and listened to on a CD player or MP3 player. In the early 20th century (in the late 1920s), as talking pictures emerged in the early 20th century, with their prerecorded musical tracks, an increasing number of moviehouse orchestra musicians found themselves out of work.[146] During the 1920s, live musical performances by orchestras, pianists, and theater organists were common at first-run theaters.[147] With the coming of the talking motion pictures, those featured performances were largely eliminated. The American Federation of Musicians (AFM) took out newspaper advertisements protesting the replacement of live musicians with mechanical playing devices. One 1929 ad that appeared in the Pittsburgh Press features an image of a can labeled "Canned Music / Big Noise Brand / Guaranteed to Produce No Intellectual or Emotional Reaction Whatever"[148] Sometimes, live performances incorporate prerecorded sounds. For example, a disc jockey uses disc records for scratching, and some 20th-century works have a solo for an instrument or voice that is performed along with music that is prerecorded onto a tape. Some pop bands use recorded backing tracks. Computers and many keyboards can be programmed to produce and play Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) music. Audiences can also become performers by participating in karaoke, an activity of Japanese origin centered on a device that plays voice-eliminated versions of well-known songs. Most karaoke machines also have video screens that show lyrics to songs being performed; performers can follow the lyrics as they sing over the instrumental tracks. Music production in the 2000s using a digital audio workstation (DAW) with an electronic keyboard and a multi-monitor set-up The advent of the Internet and widespread high-speed broadband access has transformed the experience of music, partly through the increased ease of access to recordings of music via streaming video and vastly increased choice of music for consumers. Another effect of the Internet arose with online communities and social media websites like YouTube and Facebook, a social networking service. These sites make it easier for aspiring singers and amateur bands to distribute videos of their songs, connect with other musicians, and gain audience interest. Professional musicians also use YouTube as a free publisher of promotional material. YouTube users, for example, no longer only download and listen to MP3s, but also actively create their own. According to Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams, in their book Wikinomics, there has been a shift from a traditional consumer role to what they call a "prosumer" role, a consumer who both creates content and consumes. Manifestations of this in music include the production of mashes, remixes, and music videos by fans.[149] Education Further information: Music education Non-institutional A Suzuki violin recital with students of varying ages The incorporation of music into general education from preschool to post secondary education, is common in North America and Europe. Involvement in playing and singing music is thought to teach basic skills such as concentration, counting, listening, and cooperation while also promoting understanding of language, improving the ability to recall information, and creating an environment more conducive to learning in other areas.[150] In elementary schools, children often learn to play instruments such as the recorder, sing in small choirs, and learn about the history of Western art music and traditional music. Some elementary school children also learn about popular music styles. In religious schools, children sing hymns and other religious music. In secondary schools (and less commonly in elementary schools), students may have the opportunity to perform in some types of musical ensembles, such as choirs (a group of singers), marching bands, concert bands, jazz bands, or orchestras. In some school systems, music lessons on how to play instruments may be provided. Some students also take private music lessons after school with a singing teacher or instrument teacher. Amateur musicians typically learn basic musical rudiments (e.g., learning about musical notation for musical scales and rhythms) and beginner- to intermediate-level singing or instrument-playing techniques. At the university level, students in most arts and humanities programs can receive credit for taking a few music courses, which typically take the form of an overview course on the history of music, or a music appreciation course that focuses on listening to music and learning about different musical styles. In addition, most North American and European universities have some types of musical ensembles that students in arts and humanities are able to participate in, such as choirs, marching bands, concert bands, or orchestras. The study of Western art music is increasingly common outside of North America and Europe, such as the Indonesian Institute of the Arts in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, or the classical music programs that are available in Asian countries such as South Korea, Japan, and China. At the same time, Western universities and colleges are widening their curriculum to include music of non-Western cultures, such as the music of Africa or Bali (e.g. Gamelan music). Institutional Manhattan School of Music professor and professional double bass player Timothy Cobb teaching a bass lesson in the late 2000s. His bass has a low C extension with a metal "machine" with buttons for playing the pitches on the extension. People aiming to become professional musicians, singers, composers, songwriters, music teachers and practitioners of other music-related professions such as music history professors, sound engineers, and so on study in specialized post-secondary programs offered by colleges, universities and music conservatories. Some institutions that train individuals for careers in music offer training in a wide range of professions, as is the case with many of the top U.S. universities, which offer degrees in music performance (including singing and playing instruments), music history, music theory, music composition, music education (for individuals aiming to become elementary or high school music teachers) and, in some cases, conducting. On the other hand, some small colleges may only offer training in a single profession (e.g., sound recording). While most university and conservatory music programs focus on training students in classical music, there are universities and colleges that train musicians for careers as jazz or popular music musicians and composers, with notable U.S. examples including the Manhattan School of Music and the Berklee College of Music. Two schools in Canada which offer professional jazz training are McGill University and Humber College. Individuals aiming at careers in some types of music, such as heavy metal music, country music or blues are unlikely to become professionals by completing degrees or diplomas. Instead, they typically learn about their style of music by singing or playing in bands (often beginning in amateur bands, cover bands and tribute bands), studying recordings on DVD and the Internet, and working with already-established professionals in their style of music, either through informal mentoring or regular music lessons. Since the 2000s, the increasing popularity and availability of Internet forums and YouTube "how-to" videos have enabled singers and musicians from metal, blues and similar genres to improve their skills. Many pop, rock and country singers train informally with vocal coaches and voice teachers.[151][152] Academic study Musicology Main article: Musicology Musicology, the academic study of music, is studied in universities and music conservatories. The earliest definitions from the 19th century defined three sub-disciplines of musicology: systematic musicology, historical musicology, and comparative musicology or ethnomusicology. In 2010-era scholarship, one is more likely to encounter a division into music theory, music history, and ethnomusicology. Research in musicology has often been enriched by cross-disciplinary work, for example in the field of psychoacoustics. The study of music of non-Western cultures, and cultural study of music, is called ethnomusicology. Students can pursue study of musicology, ethnomusicology, music history, and music theory through different types of degrees, including bachelor's, master's and PhD.[153][154][155] Music theory Main article: Music theory Music theory is the study of music, generally in a highly technical manner outside of other disciplines. More broadly it refers to any study of music, usually related in some form with compositional concerns, and may include mathematics, physics, and anthropology. What is most commonly taught in beginning music theory classes are guidelines to write in the style of the common practice period, or tonal music. Theory, even of music of the common practice period, may take other forms.[156] Musical set theory is the application of mathematical set theory to music, first applied to atonal music. Speculative music theory, contrasted with analytic music theory, is devoted to the analysis and synthesis of music materials, for example tuning systems, generally as preparation for composition.[157] Zoomusicology Main article: Zoomusicology Zoomusicology is the study of the music of non-human animals, or the musical aspects of sounds produced by non-human animals. As George Herzog (1941) asked, "do animals have music?" François-Bernard Mâche's Musique, mythe, nature, ou les Dauphins d'Arion (1983), a study of "ornitho-musicology" using a technique of Nicolas Ruwet's Language, musique, poésie (1972) paradigmatic segmentation analysis, shows that bird songs are organised according to a repetition-transformation principle. Jean-Jacques Nattiez (1990), argues that "in the last analysis, it is a human being who decides what is and is not musical, even when the sound is not of human origin. If we acknowledge that sound is not organised and conceptualised (that is, made to form music) merely by its producer, but by the mind that perceives it, then music is uniquely human."[158] Ethnomusicology Main article: Ethnomusicology Ethnomusicologist Frances Densmore recording Blackfoot chief Mountain Chief for the Bureau of American Ethnology (1916) In the West, much of the history of music that is taught deals with the Western civilization's art music, known as classical music. The history of music in non-Western cultures ("world music" or the field of "ethnomusicology") is also taught in Western universities. This includes the documented classical traditions of Asian countries outside the influence of Western Europe, as well as the folk or indigenous music of various other cultures. Popular or folk styles of music in non-Western countries varied from culture to culture, and period to period. Different cultures emphasised different instruments, techniques, singing styles and uses for music. Music has been used for entertainment, ceremonies, rituals, religious purposes and for practical and artistic communication. Non-Western music has also been used for propaganda purposes, as was the case with Chinese opera during the Cultural Revolution. There is a host of music classifications for non-Western music, many of which are caught up in the argument over the definition of music. Among the largest of these is the division between classical music (or "art" music), and popular music (or commercial music – including non-Western styles of rock, country, and pop music-related styles). Some genres do not fit neatly into one of these "big two" classifications, (such as folk music, world music, or jazz-related music). As world cultures have come into greater global contact, their indigenous musical styles have often merged with other styles, which produces new styles. For example, the United States bluegrass style contains elements from Anglo-Irish, Scottish, Irish, German and African instrumental and vocal traditions, which were able to fuse in the United States' multi-ethnic "melting pot" society. Some types of world music contain a mixture of non-Western indigenous styles with Western pop music elements. Genres of music are determined as much by tradition and presentation as by the actual music. Some works, like George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue, are claimed by both jazz and classical music, while Gershwin's Porgy and Bess and Leonard Bernstein's West Side Story are claimed by both opera and the Broadway musical tradition. Many music festivals for non-Western music, include bands and singers from a particular musical genre, such as world music.[159][160] Indian music, for example, is one of the oldest and longest living types of music, and is still widely heard and performed in South Asia, as well as internationally (especially since the 1960s). Indian music has mainly three forms of classical music, Hindustani, Carnatic, and Dhrupad styles. It has also a large repertoire of styles, which involve only percussion music such as the talavadya performances famous in South India. Therapy Main article: Music therapy A music therapist from a "Blues in the Schools" program plays harmonica with a US Navy sailor at a Naval Therapy Center. Music therapy is an interpersonal process in which a trained therapist uses music and all of its facets—physical, emotional, mental, social, aesthetic, and spiritual—to help clients to improve or maintain their health. In some instances, the client's needs are addressed directly through music; in others they are addressed through the relationships that develop between the client and therapist. Music therapy is used with individuals of all ages and with a variety of conditions, including: psychiatric disorders, medical problems, physical disabilities, sensory impairments, developmental disabilities, substance abuse issues, communication disorders, interpersonal problems, and aging. It is also used to improve learning, build self-esteem, reduce stress, support physical exercise, and facilitate a host of other health-related activities. Music therapists may encourage clients to sing, play instruments, create songs, or do other musical activities. In the 10th century, the philosopher Al-Farabi described how vocal music can stimulate the feelings and souls of listeners.[161] Music has long been used to help people deal with their emotions. In the 17th century, the scholar Robert Burton's The Anatomy of Melancholy argued that music and dance were critical in treating mental illness, especially melancholia.[162] He noted that music has an "excellent power ...to expel many other diseases" and he called it "a sovereign remedy against despair and melancholy." He pointed out that in Antiquity, Canus, a Rhodian fiddler, used music to "make a melancholy man merry, ...a lover more enamoured, a religious man more devout."[163][164][165] In the Ottoman Empire, mental illnesses were treated with music.[166] In November 2006, Michael J. Crawford and his colleagues also found that music therapy helped schizophrenic patients.[167][168] See also Main articles: Outline of music and Index of music articles Music portal Glossary of music terminology Lists of musicians List of musicology topics Music and emotion Music archaeology Music history Music-specific disorders References Notes  A now discredited theory held by many medieval thinkers was that 'music' was descended from the Egyptian word moys, meaning water, thought to connect to Moses.[11]  For the further etymological origins, mousiké derives from the feminine form of mousikos, which is anything "pertaining to the muses", from the Ancient Greek word for Muse, Mousa.[10] There is no agreement on the origins of the word Mousa,[12] though see Muses § Etymology for proposed theories.  See Morley (2013, pp. 43–45) for a comprehensive table on all eight surviving flutes from the Geissenklösterle, Hohle Fels and Vogelherd caves  In the 1800s, the phrases "the elements of music" and "the rudiments of music" were used interchangeably.[88][89] The elements described in these documents refer to aspects of music that are needed to become a musician, Recent writers such as Espie Estrella seem to be using the phrase "elements of music" in a similar manner.[90] A definition which most accurately reflects this usage is: "the rudimentary principles of an art, science, etc.: the elements of grammar."[91] The UK's curriculum switch to the "inter-related dimensions of music" seems to be a move back to using the rudimentary elements of music. 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Archived 15 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine by John Crellin, MUNMED, newsletter of the Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1996.  Aung, Steven K. H.; Lee, Mathew H. M. (2004). "Music, Sounds, Medicine, and Meditation: An Integrative Approach to the Healing Arts". Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 10 (5): 266–270. doi:10.1089/act.2004.10.266.  "Treatment of Mental Illnesses With Music Therapy – A different approach from history" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2013.  Crawford, Mike J.; Talwar, Nakul; et al. (November 2006). "Music therapy for in-patients with schizophrenia: Exploratory randomised controlled trial". British Journal of Psychiatry. 189 (5): 405–409. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.015073. PMID 17077429. Music therapy may provide a means of improving mental health among people with schizophrenia, but its effects in acute psychoses have not been explored  Michael J. Crawford page Archived 28 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine at Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychological Medicine. Sources Anderson, Warren (2001). "Muses". Grove Music Online. Revised by Thomas J. Mathiesen. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19396. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required) Apel, Willi (1969). Harvard Dictionary of Music. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-37501-7. Epperson, Gordon (16 June 2022). "Music | Art Form, Styles, Rhythm, & History". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Gardner, Howard (1983). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02508-4. Huron, David (2003). "Is Music an Evolutionary Adaptation?". In Peretz, Isabelle; Zatorre, Robert J. (eds.). The Cognitive Neuroscience of Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-852519-6. Merker, Björn; Morley, Iain; Zuidema, Willem (19 March 2015). "Five fundamental constraints on theories of the origins of music". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Royal Society. 370 (1664). doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0095. eISSN 1471-2970. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 4321136. PMID 25646518. Mithen, Steven (2005). The Singing Neanderthals: The Origins of Music, Language, Mind, and Body. London: Orion Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-78022-258-5. Morley, Iain (2013). The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923408-0. Murray, Penelope (2020). "The Mythology of the Muses". In Lynch, Tosca A. C.; Rocconi, Eleonora (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Greek and Roman Music. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-27547-3. Nettl, Bruno (2001). "Music". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40476. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required) Wallin, Nils; Merker, Björn; Brown, Steven, eds. (2000). The Origins of Music. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-73143-0. "music (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 30 May 2022. "Music". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (fifth ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. "music, n. and adj.". OED Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (subscription required) Further reading Kennedy, Michal; Kennedy, Joyce Bourne (2013) [2012]. Tim Rutherford-Johnson (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Music (6th paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-957854-2. Small, Christopher (1977). Music, Society, Education. John Calder Publishers, London. ISBN 0-7145-3614-8 Tymoczko, Dmitri (2011). A Geometry of Music: Harmony and Counterpoint in the Extended Common Practice. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533667-2. External links Music at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel information from Wikivoyage Grove Music Online — online version of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. All ten volumes of the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music (subscription required) Dolmetsch free online music dictionary, complete, with references to a list of specialised music dictionaries (by continent, by instrument, by genre, etc.) vte Music History of music PrehistoricAncientDanceMartialReligious BiblicalSecular Art music Afghan classical music—KlasikAndalusi classical musicArabic musicAzerbaijani MughamBurmese classical music—MahāgītaCambodian ceremonial music—PinpeatChinese traditional musicIndian classical musicByzantine musicIndonesian art music—GamelanJapanese court music—GagakuKorean court musicLao classical musicMandé art musicOttoman musicPersian classical musicPhilippine art songs—KundimanScottish Ceòl MórKandyan dance of Sri LankaThai classical music—PiphatVietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạcWestern classical music Vernacular music Circus musicFolk musicBluesCountry musicElectronic musicHip hop musicJazzPop musicProgressive musicPsychedelic musicSoul music Musical instruments Arched harpAngular harpHistory of the harpsichordHistory of lute-family instrumentsNafirEvolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuriesHistory of the trumpetHistory of the violin MusicianEnsembles Band (rock and pop) Backup bandAll-female bandRhythm sectionBig bandConcert bandDisc jockeyMilitary band Lead vocalistBacking vocalist TheoryComposition FormGenreNotationImprovisationLyricsSongTechnique Education and study Bachelor of MusicMaster of MusicDoctor of Musical ArtsPhDMethodMusic archaeologyMusic historyMusic psychologyMusic school CompositionMusicology BiomusicologyCognitive musicologyComputational musicologyEcomusicologyEthnomusicologyNew musicologySociomusicologyZoomusicology Production Single A-side and B-sideExtended play CompilationLiveRemixAudio engineerRecord labelRecord producerSamplingMusic technology (electric)Music technology (electronic and digital)Sound recording and reproductionCoverRemix Cultural and regional genres African CentralEastNorthSouthernWestAsian CentralEastMiddle EasternSouthSoutheastEuropean BalkanNordicLatin American Central AmericanSouth AmericanNorth American CaribbeanOceanian MelanesianMicronesianPolynesian By sovereign state   AfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAndorraAngolaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBeninBhutanBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBrazilBruneiBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaColombiaComorosCosta RicaCroatiaCubaCyprusCzech RepublicDemocratic Republic of the CongoDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEast TimorEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEswatiniEthiopiaFederated States of MicronesiaFijiFinlandFranceGabonGambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGreeceGrenadaGuatemalaGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHondurasHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyIvory CoastJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKosovoKuwaitKyrgyzstanLaosLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMauritaniaMauritiusMexicoMoldovaMonacoMongoliaMontenegroMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNorth KoreaNorth MacedoniaNorwayOmanPakistanPalauPalestinePanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPolandPortugalQatarRepublic of the CongoRomaniaRussiaRwandaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSamoaSan MarinoSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbiaSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth KoreaSouth SudanSpainSri LankaSudanSurinameSwedenSwitzerlandSyriaSão Tomé and PríncipeTaiwanTajikistanTanzaniaThailandTogoTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanTuvaluUgandaUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUnited KingdomUnited StatesUruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVatican CityVenezuelaVietnamWestern SaharaYemenZambiaZimbabwe Lists IndexOutlineTimelineAlbumsClassical and art music traditionsClassical music genresCultural and regional genresInstrumentsJazz and popular music glossaryMusic genres and stylesSongsTerminology Related articles Aesthetics of musicAlbum eraFictional musicMusic and emotionMusic and politics WarfareEnvironmentalismMusic festivalMusic therapyMusical instrument FolkWomen in music  Music portal Record production portal Category Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata International FAST National SpainFranceBnF dataGermanyIsraelUnited StatesLatviaJapanCzech Republic Other Historical Dictionary of SwitzerlandNARA Categories: MusicPerforming artsSound  Who are the biggest artists in the world in 2024? By Tom NewmanJanuary 3, 202411 mins read Who’s the most popular music artist in the world right now? Check out the cross-platform best-performing artists in January 2024. Here are the artists racking up the most streams and gaining the most new fans across the music world in 2024. As an artists gets more follows and listens on Spotify and Apple Music, Pandora, Deezer, SoundCloud and other streaming platforms, and the better they perform on Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, YouTube and across the rest of social media, the closer they get to becoming the biggest artist in the world. Since we checked the rankings in November last year, there’s been a fair amount of movement amongst the top 10. Taylor Swift is still the number one best-performing artist, after overthrowing Drake last year. The most popular male artist is Drake at number two. Bad Bunny dropped five places, from number three to number eight. Eminem climbed from eighth to fourth. Nicki Minaj replaces Dua Lipa at the number ten spot. Any surprises here amongst the most popular artists in 2024? The number one biggest artist 1. Taylor Swift Score: 627K The number two biggest artist 2. Drake Score: 547K The number four biggest artist 3. The Weeknd Score: 536K The number eight biggest artist 4. Eminem Score: 518K The number five biggest artist 5. Justin Bieber Score: 505K The number six biggest artist 6. Rihanna Score: 496K The number nine biggest artist 7. Ariana Grande Score: 478K The number three biggest artist 8. Bad Bunny Score: 469K The number seven biggest artist 9. Ed Sheeran Score: 455K The number ten biggest artist 10. Nicki Minaj Score: 419K The data is based on Chartmetric’s cross platform performance analysis, which takes into account the artist’s overall reach with listeners in terms of listens, views and consumption, and how many followers the artist has in their fanbase across the web. Who’s your number one artist in 2024? Want to release your music online? Check out RouteNote distribution. For free, you can put your tracks on Spotify, Apple Music and all the big streaming platforms, as well as making money from your music on social media like TikTok. Find out more here and sign up to RouteNote today. 93 comments 416.6K views     Share: Prev Post Top 10 most followed playlists on Amazon Music in 2024 Next Post Spotify stock rose 130% in 2023, could it be more in ’24? 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I am so proud of our bangtan boys.             xoxo <3             Reply                 Lucas K. says:                 April 24, 2023 at 6:29 pm                 BTSSSSSSSSSSS ME EAT THEM MY HEAARTTTTTTT                 Reply                 Anonymous says:                 October 24, 2023 at 7:29 pm                 I dislike bts. Sorry if this offends anyone                 Reply                     Amoongus says:                     December 2, 2023 at 7:17 am                     it does not offend me, as I am not a fan of BTS either.             Yosh says:             October 19, 2021 at 9:21 pm             Justin is prince of pop             Reply                 Brittany Bischoff says:                 April 2, 2022 at 11:57 pm                 yeah because he is garbage his songs are garbage and shawn mendes and ed sherran and taylor swift                 Reply                     Unknown says:                     April 16, 2023 at 11:54 am                     Brittany Bischoff- Exactly. I love edsheeran, taylor, and shawn mendes songs as well                     Ilovarianagrande says:                     May 2, 2023 at 11:57 pm                     Where is Ariana grande she definetly needs a place in here                     CoderGnis says:                     December 2, 2023 at 7:19 am                     Ilovearianagranda, she is in here: top 9                 Manan says:                 May 4, 2022 at 6:25 pm                 biggest lmfao moment                 Reply                 Pauline says:                 July 9, 2022 at 2:01 am                 Justin Beiber is just awesome Well done He’s worked so hard from his very first performance Happy as he’ll for him. Big hugs from Pauline from Stirling in Scotland                 Reply                     Anonymous says:                     October 24, 2023 at 7:31 pm                     No, Justin is overrated and never made a good song                 Bill says:                 May 29, 2023 at 6:17 pm                 he is the prince of BS or ..poop                 Reply             julia says:             February 3, 2022 at 1:15 am             finaly someone gets me i luv bts. they are my life girl! i survived depression cause of them             Reply             Adrianna says:             April 20, 2023 at 12:00 am             bro what             Reply                 Lucas K. says:                 April 27, 2023 at 4:18 pm                 why are you so mean?? spread kindness JUST LIKE jimin.                 Reply             Sabiha says:             December 12, 2023 at 5:30 pm             not just proud extremely proud of bts over the past 10years             Reply         Brittany Bischoff says:         April 2, 2022 at 11:54 pm         justin bieber sucks         Reply             Pauline says:             July 9, 2022 at 2:03 am             He’s a proud and very hard working young man. And he will continue to go on Proud of him             Reply         Ilovarianagrande says:         May 2, 2023 at 11:55 pm         Where is Ariana grande she definetly needs a place in here         Reply         Not a real person says:         July 5, 2023 at 12:49 am         The amount of bra stand in here is absolutely insane         Reply         Not a real person says:         July 5, 2023 at 12:49 am         The amount of bts stand in here is absolutely insane         Reply         wewe says:         July 27, 2023 at 1:35 pm         grer         Reply     Tondo lilz cash says:     June 24, 2021 at 11:01 pm     I have a good talent and am just looking out ways to prove it.     Reply         Gift Hadia says:         September 22, 2021 at 2:12 pm         No doubt BTS are the real deal this era.         Reply     Gabriel Román says:     August 1, 2021 at 4:13 pm     Where’s the latino gang? J Balvin? bad bunny?     Reply     Riya vishwakarma says:     August 2, 2021 at 5:37 pm     I am loving my BTS so much than others artist ❤️ love you BTS forever     Reply         ALVIN Benjamin says:         August 26, 2021 at 2:52 pm         Justin Bieber is the biggest Popstar no other artist         Reply             sonny says:             May 16, 2022 at 3:49 pm             dude, justin lost him game a long time ago lmao. i rarely hear about him anymore.             Reply             Pauline says:             July 9, 2022 at 2:04 am             I agree             Reply     Put more says:     August 28, 2021 at 2:24 pm     Where is wizkid. Update this please!     Reply         Jiminismyeverything says:         April 7, 2022 at 7:17 pm         Who’s that ?         Reply         sonny says:         May 16, 2022 at 3:49 pm         yeah, who is that /srs         Reply     camaru coded says:     September 17, 2021 at 1:11 am     you are right, wizkid suppose to be here     Reply     Jude says:     October 12, 2021 at 9:40 pm     Yea really, Wizkid deserve a place here…     Reply         Just a swiftie says:         November 8, 2021 at 9:04 pm         Where is Taylor Swift !!!????? She’s the music industry.         Reply             Nathan Okpik-Stepanovv says:             December 1, 2021 at 4:24 am             Taylor Swift do be the music industry though             Reply                 julia says:                 February 3, 2022 at 1:17 am                 yesss i hate taylor                 Reply             Brittany Bischoff says:             April 2, 2022 at 11:56 pm             taylor swift sucks the only thing she sings about is sad music             Reply                 Unknown says:                 April 16, 2023 at 11:56 am                 Taylor swift is an amazing killer artist! BTW Sad music! ( what about shake it off, safe and sound, youre on your own kid, our song, you belong with me)                 Reply                     Amoongus says:                     December 2, 2023 at 7:22 am                     you are right, Unknown. Taylor Swift rules✌     I'm I'm says:     December 4, 2021 at 12:56 pm     What?!?!?!?!? Where is Olivia Rodrigo and Taylor Swift     Reply         Evan Carriere says:         July 4, 2022 at 3:15 pm         Billie Eilish?         Reply     Ayo says:     March 3, 2022 at 5:35 pm     Where is wizkid     Reply     Emma says:     March 28, 2022 at 2:17 am     Am I the only one who’s gonna mention that BTS is at seven and there are seven of them 🙂 <3     I love them!!!     Reply     Brittany Bischoff says:     April 3, 2022 at 1:57 am     bruh everybody if you want to know the trash singers here you go     *justin bieber     * Britney Spears     *shelen gomez     * shawn mendes     * ariana granda     *the weekend     * ed sheeran     * rebecca     * 6ix9ine     i think so yeah bruh     Reply         sonny says:         May 16, 2022 at 3:47 pm         I agree. Ed Sheeran just really sucks. Shawn’s out of his game (he should do modelling again or something), Selena was never really good (shoulda stayed as an actress, Brittany is just getting old, honestly, 6ix9ine is just 6ix9ine we need no explanation for him lmao, The Weekend is losing his game too and Ariana? (meh, she should’ve stayed in the acting business too).         Reply             felix onyeoma (igwekala) says:             May 27, 2022 at 4:17 am             Thanks for opportunities given, #Routenote.             Reply         Brendon Barron says:         July 23, 2022 at 1:27 am         all but The Weeknd deserve to be there, and Justin has like 2 good songs, he mid ig         Reply         aiden mcswain says:         November 7, 2022 at 2:07 pm         ed sheeran is good. Mendes is ok, and the others are trash         Reply         vickyyy says:         January 6, 2023 at 1:28 pm         everybody on this list is ass wym except for bad bunny and thats facts         Reply     Bts army says:     April 10, 2022 at 1:31 pm     Bts is best in the world. Bts is unique. No one can take the place of bts in the world     Reply         sonnt says:         May 16, 2022 at 3:48 pm         a lot of people agree to disagree man. i hate bts with every fiber of my being but that’s just my opinion. everyone’s music taste varies babe. just glad bad bunny got the hit on them as number 4.         Reply             ihins says:             December 23, 2022 at 10:40 am             Type your comment…is just their look which they got from plastic surgery.the only Korean that is natural in terms of look is Lee min ho.Both his old and new pictures he look d same.             Reply             acapellaluv acapellaluv says:             April 1, 2023 at 9:57 pm             It’s one thing to not like someone’s music + u move on to the music u DO like, but to hate maliciously, is sad…See my long reply to ihns             Reply         Aren says:         June 28, 2022 at 3:50 pm         Unique? They’re just a K-pop boy band? Basically just a modernized Backstreet Boys except even worse.         Reply             acapellaluv acapellaluv says:             April 1, 2023 at 10:36 pm             3 Underground Rappers, 4 Vocalists, ALL 7 Deep, prolific Songwriters, Composers, Producers of 400+ songs since teens (except 3 fun summer bops in Eng- lish to uplift fans during Covid)!…3 Rappers have BB 200 charted Solo Rap Albums/Mixtapes, etc!!…. ALL 7 going for their MASTERS DEGREES, hilarious + humble, etc! See my long reply to ihns ………..AND: UTUBE:”This Is BTS-2013-2021″ by xceleste & “Guide To 7 BTS Members-2022” by Taylor Mari (Use CC: Closed Captions)…Yes: Unique!!……. *NOT* your avg “boyband”!……..Need No Response……             Reply             Amoongus says:             December 2, 2023 at 7:24 am             very true             Reply             Unknown says:             December 2, 2023 at 7:25 am             There are too many K-pop boy bands around             Reply         army says:         March 5, 2023 at 5:53 pm         yae! bts is the best!!! why they aren’t on the list?         Reply             Unknown says:             December 2, 2023 at 7:25 am             becus they arent the best             Reply     JOHNNY BLAIZE says:     April 17, 2022 at 12:32 pm     JUSTIN BIEBER IS WAAAAY BETTER THAN BTS AND I AM HIS LOYAL FAN AND I HAVE LISTENED TO ALL HIS SONGS     Reply     terimiko says:     April 21, 2022 at 11:56 am     The most popular music artist in the world right now is Taylor Swift. She has been dominating the charts with her album, “Reputation”, which has been certified platinum in the United States.     Reply     sonny says:     May 16, 2022 at 3:43 pm     so proud of benito, i mean to come from a small island in the caribbean to being one of the most well-known artists?? that’s latinx representation right there and i am proud of it <3     Reply     Evan says:     July 27, 2022 at 9:04 pm     AC/DC is literally my all time fav. These “artists” will NEVER live up to thunderstruck. Thunderstruck cured my anxiety. AC/DC IS FOREVER THE BEST ARTIST EVER <3     Reply     Lia says:     August 28, 2022 at 6:19 am     OMGI loveeeee Taylor swift she is like my idolIf Taylor swift is reading this then you are my completeeeeeeeeeeeee idol and I mean it     (I love blank space by Taylor swift)     Reply     aiden.mcswain says:     November 7, 2022 at 2:08 pm     where is fall out boy     Reply     vickyyy says:     January 6, 2023 at 1:25 pm     bro all of these artists r shit except for bad bunny tf u mean like yall better be fr..     Reply     vj says:     March 12, 2023 at 3:46 am     Rap is the best pop sucks     Reply     Marcey says:     April 12, 2023 at 11:39 pm     Ariana grande is like the best! I am such a huge fan of her     Reply         ishaq says:         April 15, 2023 at 4:42 am         she is amazing         Reply     Eminem says:     May 2, 2023 at 2:03 pm     eminem needs to be higher     Reply     mudasir yusuf says:     May 19, 2023 at 4:45 pm     For me chris brown deserve to be in the list

  • Condition: In Excellent Condition
  • Features: Commemorative
  • Year of Issue: 2024
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: United Kingdom
  • Material: Metal
  • Variety: Texas
  • Colour: Gold
  • Currency: Lalisa
  • Fineness: 0.5
  • Options: Commemorative
  • Country of Origin: United States

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